Kleka Juniperus communis (Cupressaceae)

Kleka Juniperus communis (Cupressaceae)

BILJNI PREPARATI KLEKE:

MATIČNA TINKTURA, KLEKA TM, hidroetanolni tečni ekstrakt svežeg ploda kleke, DER 1:2,

Juniperi fructus recentis extractum ethanolicum liquidum DER 1:2.  

BILJNI PREPARATI KLEKE:

MATIČNA TINKTURA, KLEKA TM, hidroetanolni tečni ekstrakt svežeg ploda kleke, DER 1:2,

Juniperi fructus recentis extractum ethanolicum liquidum DER 1:2.

ATC:
G01A – antiinfektivi i antiseptici,
G04BC – solvensi urinarnih konkremenata,
– diuretik.

U skladu sa:

1) Based on Article 10a of Directive 2001/83/EC as amended (well-established use), Based on Article 16d(1), Article 16f and Article 16h of Directive 2001/83/EC as amended (traditional use), DIRECTIVE 2004/24/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 31 March 2004.

2) Eu. Ph. 7, 2008. monografijom: 1532 (Iuniperi pseudo-fructus), 1832 (Iuniperi aetheroleum).

3) European Medicines Agency, London, EMEA 12.11.2009.:
12 November 2009; EMA/HMPC/441930/2008;
Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC):
Assessment report on Juniperus communis L., pseudofructus

4) European Medicines Agency, London, EMEA 15.03.2010.:
15 March 2010 EMA/HMPC/12402/2010;
Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC):
Community herbal monograph on Juniperus communis L., aetheroleum

5) European Medicines Agency, London, EMEA 12.11.2009.:
12 November 2009 EMA/HMPC/441929/2008;
Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC):
Community herbal monograph on Juniperus communis L., pseudo-fructus

Fr. Ph. ANSM 2005 Juniperus communis ad praeparationes homoeopathicas

Biljni preparat u tečnom obliku (nerazblažen ili razblažen) za oralnu i lokalnu upotrebu.

a) Juniperus communis L.,pseudo-fructus (Juniper fresh berry).

Sastav: a) tečni ekstrat (DER 1:2), ekstrakcioni rastvarač etanol 65% (v/v).

Juniperus communis L., sadrži 362 istraženih hemijskih jedinjenja koja ispoljavaju 742 dejstava (*podaci ažurirani juna 2022).

 Sadržaj:

a) minimalno 0,012% m/m, seskviterpena (sesquiterpene), izraženih kao cedren (cedrene) (MF: C15H24, MW: 204,351060 g/mol−1),

b) u većoj koncentraciji sadrži α-pinen, α-terpinen, kalcijum, hrom, kobalt, γ-cadinene, resin,

c) više od svih biljaka sadrži γ-elemen (seskviterpen), pentosan

d) sveži plod sadrži do 69% vode.

Indikacije: biljni preparati su namenjeni poboljšanju opšteg stanja organizma kroz razna naučno dokazana dejstva.

Upotreba kod urogenitalnih, gastrointestinalnih, respiratornih, kožnih, endokrinih, kardiovaskularnih i neuroloških tegoba: mišićno-skeletni sistem; mišićna napetost, ukočenost, artritis, reumatizam, grčevi, tretman posle treninga, giht, bolovi donjeg dela leđa, … digestivni sistem; slab apetit, nadimanje, spora probava, prekomerna težina, … nervni sistem; letargija, nervna iscrpljenost, brige, … urogenitalni sistem; cistitis, infekcije bešike, urinarne tegobe, … respiratorni sistem; bronhitis, sinuzitis, kašalj, astma, prehlade, grip, obilna sluz, upala grla, … kožni sistem; celulit, edem, akne, gubitak kose, seboreja, herpes, … Efektivno deluje na Escherichia coli i Helicobacter spp.

Dr. Džems Djuk (Dr. James Duke) u Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, 2nd Ed. (2002). CRC Press, navodi sledeće:

– ima jako dejstvo kod: anoreksije, kamena u bubregu, urogenitalnih infekcija, … 

– delotvoran kod: artroza, ascita, karcinoma (bubrega, nogu, jetre, slezene), kandidijaza, kardiopatije, kondiloma, cistitisa, dijabetesa, dispepsije, edema, nadutosti i gasova, gihta, zadaha iz usta, gorušice, herpesa, povišenog krvnog pritiska, infekcija, upala, niskog krvnog pritiska, morbus Crohn, malarije, šuge, mikoza, reumatizma, otoka, tumora, virusnih i gljivičnih infekcija, zadržavanja tečnosti, poremećaja u radu endokrinog sistema, bolova u mišićima, …

– u narodnoj medicini kod: amenoreje, anasarke, ateroskleroze, astme, bolova u leđima, bakterijskih infekcija, krvarenja, blenoreje, akutne i hronične infekcije bubrega, bronhitisa, katara, porođaja, hloroze, holecistitisa, prehlada, grčeva, zagušenja, zatvora, kašlja, proliva, vodene bolesti, dizenterije, dismenoreje, dispneje, disurije, encefalitisa, enteritisa, eneureze, epilepsije, eruktacije (povraćanja), groznice, fistula, gripa, peska i kamena u žuči i bubregu, gastritisa, gonoreje, glavobolje i migrene, zapalenja jetre i slezine, hidročele, histerije, enduracija (otvrdnuća), nesanice, žutice, leukoreje, lumbaga, mijalgija, nefroza, nervoze, neuralgije, neurastenije, neuroze, odontosisa, oftalmije, otitisa, pareza i paraliza, polipa, psorijaze, infekcija respiratornog trakta, pijelitisa, rinitisa, škrofula, infekcija, grlobolje, uganuća, tenesmusa (nedovoljnog pražnjenja creva), tonzilitisa, zubobolje, tuberkuloze, urogenitalnih zapalenja, čira, uretritisa, uteritisa, vaginitisa, veneričnih bolesti, parazita, loše probave, gubitka apetita, kod otežanog disanja, … 

– spoljašnja primena kod: zarastanje rana od opekotina i povreda, ujeda insekata, zmija i životinja, dekubitusa, gljivica, reumatizma, bradavica, dermatoza, uganuća,  … 

– upotrebljava se kao: diuretik, adstrigent, antireumatik, depurativ, antihipertenziv, rubefacijent, dezinfekcijens, antispazmatik, ekspektorans, antiastmatik, antiinflamatik, karminativ, tonikum, antibiotik, analgetik, antimikotik, antitrombotik, antiseptik, kozmetik, aromatik i digestiv, sekretolitik, dermetik, dijaforetik, epitelizant, antidijabetik, antiskorbutik, antibakterik, antivirotik, emenagog, antiarteriosklerotik, urinarni antiseptik, stimulator,… 

Monografija nemačke E komisije (Commission E Monographs), terapijski vodič za biljne lekove, preporučuje Juniperus comunis pseudo-fructus kao jak diuretik i za tretman dispepsije.

Doziranje i način primene:
Do 2 mL (80 kapi) podeljeno u 2 do 4 doze.
Biljni preparat KLEKA TM:
pojedinačna doza: 0,5-1 mL,
maksimalna preporučena dnevna doza (PDD): 2 mL.
Oralna (15 do 30 minuta pre obroka) i lokalna primena.
Upotreba na koži: aplicirati na obolelo mesto u tankom sloju ili obliku impregniranog zavoja.
Napraviti pauzu posle 4 nedelje neprekidne upotrebe.

Po preporukama, preparat postiže najbolje efekte pri upotrebi od 8 do 12 nedelja, duža upotreba je bezbedna uz pauze.

Kontraindikacije: preosetljivost na aktivne supstance, preosetljivost na biljke porodice (genus Juniperus, family Cupressaceae).

Čuvanje: na tamnom, suvom i hladnom mestu do 20˚C, van domašaja dece i izlaganja EM zračenju, u dobro zatvorenoj originalnoj ambalaži. 

Rok upotrebe: 5 godina, posle prvog otvaranja 6 meseci. Uz adekvatno skladištenje, rok upotrebe je neograničen.

Pakovanje: 50 mL i 100 mL, standardne farmaceutske braon bočice; 250 mL, 500 mL, 1L i 5 L na zahtev. 

Nutritivne informacije:

KLEKA TM:

energetska vrednost u 100 mL: 1504 kJ/ 360 kcal,

u maksimalnoj preporučenoj dnevnoj dozi (MPDD) 2 mL: 30 kJ/ 7,17 kcal,

suve materije (DR) više od 2,5% (Fr. Ph.), 10,0% (GHP), RD 1,030-1,050.

 Bez konzervanasa, proteina, masti i ugljenih hidrata. KLEKA TM je rukom rađen proizvod. 

Analizu na teške metale, pesticide i mikrobiološku ispravnost preparata broj 4603120601 od 29.03.2016. godine izvršila ANAHEM LABORATORIJA BEOGRAD, u sklopu preparata RESPIRO 30.

CENOVNIK

MATIČNA TINKTURA, KLEKA TM, hidroetanolni tečni ekstrakt svežeg ploda kleke, DER 1:2,

750,00 RSD za 50 mL,   1500,00 RSD za 100 mL.

http://www.biljni-preparati.com/preparati/kleka .

E Juniperus communis (Cupressaceae)

  1. Common names Yoshu-Nezu; Juniper; Ardic; A’Ra’R A’Di; Havrest; Ardij Aghaji; Enebro
upotreba reference
arterioskleroza Font Query, P. 1979. Plantas Medicinales el Dioscorides Renovado. Editorial Labor, S.A. Barcelona. 5th Ed.
ujed (zmije) Krochmal, Arnold and Connie. 1973. A guide to the medicinal plants of the United States. Quadrangle/The N.Y. Times Book Co.
bronhitis Al-Rawi, Ali. 1964. Medicinal Plants of Iraq. Tech. Bull. No. 15. Ministry of Agriculture, Directorate General of Agricultural Research Projects.
bronhitis Steinmetz, E.F. 1957. codex Vegetabilis. Published by the author, Amsterdam.
karminativ Krochmal, Arnold and Connie. 1973. A guide to the medicinal plants of the United States. Quadrangle/The N.Y. Times Book Co.
karminativ Font Query, P. 1979. Plantas Medicinales el Dioscorides Renovado. Editorial Labor, S.A. Barcelona. 5th Ed.
karminativ Steinmetz, E.F. 1957. codex Vegetabilis. Published by the author, Amsterdam.
cefalik Font Query, P. 1979. Plantas Medicinales el Dioscorides Renovado. Editorial Labor, S.A. Barcelona. 5th Ed.
kolike Krochmal, Arnold and Connie. 1973. A guide to the medicinal plants of the United States. Quadrangle/The N.Y. Times Book Co.
deobstruent Font Query, P. 1979. Plantas Medicinales el Dioscorides Renovado. Editorial Labor, S.A. Barcelona. 5th Ed.
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digestiv Steinmetz, E.F. 1957. codex Vegetabilis. Published by the author, Amsterdam.
diuretik Krochmal, Arnold and Connie. 1973. A guide to the medicinal plants of the United States. Quadrangle/The N.Y. Times Book Co.
diuretik Font Query, P. 1979. Plantas Medicinales el Dioscorides Renovado. Editorial Labor, S.A. Barcelona. 5th Ed.
diuretik Steinmetz, E.F. 1957. codex Vegetabilis. Published by the author, Amsterdam.
diuretik Steinmetz, E.F. 1957. codex Vegetabilis. Published by the author, Amsterdam.
hidropsija Font Query, P. 1979. Plantas Medicinales el Dioscorides Renovado. Editorial Labor, S.A. Barcelona. 5th Ed.
dizenterija Font Query, P. 1979. Plantas Medicinales el Dioscorides Renovado. Editorial Labor, S.A. Barcelona. 5th Ed.
 emenagog Krochmal, Arnold and Connie. 1973. A guide to the medicinal plants of the United States. Quadrangle/The N.Y. Times Book Co.
emenagog Font Query, P. 1979. Plantas Medicinales el Dioscorides Renovado. Editorial Labor, S.A. Barcelona. 5th Ed.
empyreumatic Steinmetz, E.F. 1957. codex Vegetabilis. Published by the author, Amsterdam.
fumigant Font Query, P. 1979. Plantas Medicinales el Dioscorides Renovado. Editorial Labor, S.A. Barcelona. 5th Ed.
gleet
gonoreja
giht Font Query, P. 1979. Plantas Medicinales el Dioscorides Renovado. Editorial Labor, S.A. Barcelona. 5th Ed.
giht Al-Rawi, Ali. 1964. Medicinal Plants of Iraq. Tech. Bull. No. 15. Ministry of Agriculture, Directorate General of Agricultural Research Projects.
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histerija Font Query, P. 1979. Plantas Medicinales el Dioscorides Renovado. Editorial Labor, S.A. Barcelona. 5th Ed.
incense Font Query, P. 1979. Plantas Medicinales el Dioscorides Renovado. Editorial Labor, S.A. Barcelona. 5th Ed.
bubrezi Font Query, P. 1979. Plantas Medicinales el Dioscorides Renovado. Editorial Labor, S.A. Barcelona. 5th Ed.
bubrezi Krochmal, Arnold and Connie. 1973. A guide to the medicinal plants of the United States. Quadrangle/The N.Y. Times Book Co.
leukoreja
liniment Steinmetz, E.F. 1957. codex Vegetabilis. Published by the author, Amsterdam.
liniment Al-Rawi, Ali. 1964. Medicinal Plants of Iraq. Tech. Bull. No. 15. Ministry of Agriculture, Directorate General of Agricultural Research Projects.
liqueur Steinmetz, E.F. 1957. codex Vegetabilis. Published by the author, Amsterdam.
pluća
medicine
veterina Uphof, J.C. Th. 1968. Dictionary of economic plants. 2nd ed. Verlag von J. Cramer.
reumatizam
shortwindedness
koža
stimulant Steinmetz, E.F. 1957. codex Vegetabilis. Published by the author, Amsterdam.
stomahik Steinmetz, E.F. 1957. codex Vegetabilis. Published by the author, Amsterdam.
sudorifik Steinmetz, E.F. 1957. codex Vegetabilis. Published by the author, Amsterdam.
sudorifik Font Query, P. 1979. Plantas Medicinales el Dioscorides Renovado. Editorial Labor, S.A. Barcelona. 5th Ed.
tenesmus Font Query, P. 1979. Plantas Medicinales el Dioscorides Renovado. Editorial Labor, S.A. Barcelona. 5th Ed.
Tu Hartwell, J.L. 1967-71. Plants used against cancer. A survey. Lloydia 30-34.
urogenital Krochmal, Arnold and Connie. 1973. A guide to the medicinal plants of the United States. Quadrangle/The N.Y. Times Book Co.
urogenital Krochmal, Arnold and Connie. 1973. A guide to the medicinal plants of the United States. Quadrangle/The N.Y. Times Book Co.
venereal
vermifug Krochmal, Arnold and Connie. 1973. A guide to the medicinal plants of the United States. Quadrangle/The N.Y. Times Book Co.
bradavice Hartwell, J.L. 1967-71. Plants used against cancer. A survey. Lloydia 30-34.
rane, povrede Krochmal, Arnold and Connie. 1973. A guide to the medicinal plants of the United States. Quadrangle/The N.Y. Times Book Co.

Activity: Pesticide, Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Antiinflammatory, Perfumery, FLavor, Cancer-Preventive, Antispasmodic, Antiviral, Fungicide, Antiseptic, Insectifuge, Antimutagenic, Antitumor, Irritant, Allergenic, Antifeedant, Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor, Analgesic, Antiradicular, Antiradicular, Sedative, Hypocholesterolemic, Antileukemic, Hepatoprotective, Antiedemic, AntiHIV, Antidiabetic, Choleretic, Antiperoxidant, Antiaggregant, Candidicide, Cytotoxic, Antiacne, Nematicide, Immunostimulant, Antiasthmatic, Antiherpetic, Antihistaminic, Antihepatotoxic, Herbicide, Diuretic, Expectorant, ACE-Inhibitor, Allelochemic, Anticancer, Apoptotic, Hypotensive, Cardioprotective, Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor, Hypoglycemic, Vasodilator, Xanthine-Oxidase-Inhibitor, Insecticide, Antiproliferant, Antitumor-Promoter, Antiallergic, Antistaphylococcic, Chemopreventive, Antinitrosaminic, …

Reference:

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Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London. 791 pp.

Aloe Research Council – Duke writeup of non-peer reviewd book by Coats and draft by Henry

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Okada,Y,et al.1995.Search for Naturally Occurring Substances to Prevent the Complications of Diabetes.II.Inhibitory Effect of Coumarin and Flavonoid Derivatives on Bovine Lens Aldose Reductase and Rabbit Platelet Aggregation.Chem Pharm Bull43(8):1385-1387

Martindale’s 28th

Ohnishi, M., Morishita, H., Iwahashi, H., Toda, S., Shirataki, Y., Kimura, M., and Kido, R. 1993. Inhibitory Effects of Chlorogenic Acids on Linoleic Acid Peroxidation and Haemolysis. Phytochemistry. 36(3): 579-583. 1994.

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Podaci ažirirani oktobra 2016.

Izvor: dr Duke, James A.

HUNIPERUS COMMUNIS MATERIA MEDICA

Juniperus communis Berries
Juniper Berry mother tincture

With warming, stimulating, and disinfecting actions, Juniper Berry herbal extract has many medicinal benefits. Juniperus communis Berry promotes urine flow and helps to clear the kidneys, bladder, and prostate of toxic wastes, while at the same time helping to combat urinary tract infections in both men and women. Juniperus communis Berry’s warm, aromatic qualities aid digestion and also help to relieve gout, arthritis, rheumatism and the build-up of uric acid in the joints or painful joints. Apart from that, it is also used for expelling worms. Juniperus communis Berry tincture cleanses toxins from the blood for the proper functioning of the various organs. Being a powerful antiseptic, the Juniper Berry may be applied to slow-healing wounds in a salve. Its astringent properties help for treating toothaches and strengthening the gums. Juniperus communis Berry is excellent for different skin conditions such as dandruff, athlete’s foot, acne, psoriasis and weeping eczema. It is one of the most important herbal remedies to relieve stress, nervous tension, anxiety and mental fatigue. Along with all its other health benefits, these berries have been used effectively to assist in losing weight naturally.
Juniperus communis Berry extract is a well-known diuretic. Perhaps this is the reason why they are considered to be one of the best herbal remedies for kidney and bladder conditions. The detoxification properties of the Juniperus communis Berries make the kidneys work faster and aids in getting rid of toxic waste from the body effectively. By clearing and disinfecting the urinary tract it may help to prevent urinary tract infections, urinary tract cystitis, and urethritis. They are used between flare-ups in those with frequent infections, but not in cases of a chronic bladder infection. If you have a raging infection, the herb could be too stimulating for the organ. Juniperus communis berry tincture should be taken only in small, cautious doses, and only under the supervision of a health practitioner. Juniperus communis increases the filtering of waste products by the kidneys and has been found to be helpful for dissolving kidney stones, expelling prostate sediment and gallstones.
Because Juniperus communis has been indicated for chronic conditions associated with debility and lack of tone in the tissues. It is most often used for treating the elderly or those with chronic disease. Both the aging process and prolonged disease have been associated with the loss of tone in the tissues and organs.
Juniperus communis is a natural storehouse of insulin, which can be beneficial for diabetics, especially for those who are suffering from pancreatic damage. It is also believed to have the ability to restore the pancreas when no permanent damage has been done. Diabetics must be careful when using this herbal tincture as it can raise glucose levels in the body.
Juniperus communis helps to tone the digestive system and has a soothing effect on the stomach. Herbalists use the extract to calm indigestion, heartburn, cramping, colic, belching and flatulence. It is also believed to enhance the appetite which can be helpful in cases of anorexia. Juniper acts as a stimulant to improve digestive function, helping increase the flow of digestive fluid and eliminate excess gas. Juniper’s antiseptic properties help aid in the removal of waste and acidic toxins from the body. These properties may help in stimulating a fighting action against yeast infections and bacterial infections.
Juniperus communis Berry herbal extract has been known to have powerful anti-inflammatory properties. Juniperus communis extract is an excellent herb for those who are suffering from rheumatism, arthritis and gout and other conditions involving painful joints. Joint related diseases occur because of fluid retention around the joints. The Juniperus communis berry, with its diuretic action, has been found to help relieve the pressure considerably. In addition to taking this herbal remedy orally, it can be used in a tea or salve and applied over afflicted areas to relieve sore, inflamed and painful muscles and joints.
Due to their exceptional performance as a diuretic, Juniperus communis Berries can aid in weight loss, with the increased urination leading to a reduction in water weight. Juniper’s ability to expel excess water also makes it an effective natural treatment for edema, or swelling of tissue caused by fluid retention.
Menstrual cramps are the most troublesome aspects of a woman’s life, but these can reduce significantly with the help of Juniperus communiss Berry supplements. Many herbalists have used the Juniperus communis Berry to improve the uterus tone and to help those who have slow or late starting periods. People facing water retention problems may feel a lot of relief with the use of this herb. Because of the diuretic effects, the urine flow is increased and has the smell of violets. Juniperus communis tincture has been used to induce labor but should be used only be used under the direction of your healthcare provider.
And women who wish to become pregnant should not take Juniperus communis Berries, as they can cause a reduction in fertility.
Juniperus communis Berries are a great source of vitamin C and flavonoids. These properties are antioxidants, which help protect the cells from damage by harmful toxins and free radicals. This can also help to prevent premature aging. It is known to exfoliate the skin and help clear clogged pores as well. It allows the skin to breathe, speeding up the metabolism within particular tissues. This herb can be very helpful in the treatment of acne, eczema, psoriasis and other skin conditions. You may feel a warm, irritating sensation when it is applied to the skin. You can dilute the concentration of the application until it feels comfortable, then, if necessary, increase the amount of extract.
Juniperus communis is valuable for respiratory infections and congestion because of its volatile oil in its berries open bronchial passages, it is a natural expectorant and helps expel mucus from the lungs and nose. It is highly recommended in catarrhal conditions and has helped to ease breathing and treat bronchial asthma, emphysema, sinusitis, head colds and other viral infections. It can also be used topically in a salve or poultice for lung congestion and coughs.

Therapeutic actions: Antiseptic; Aromatic; Anodyne; Carminative; Decongestant; Diaphoretic; Diuretic; Digestive; Emmenagogue; Rubefacient; Stimulant; Stomachic; Tonic.

Nutrients: Calcium, chromium, iron, magnesium, manganese, niacin, phosphorus, potassium, selenium, silicon, zinc vitamins A, B1, B2, B3 and C.

Drug interactions: Interacts with loop and Thiazide diuretics, Spironolactone, Triamterene.

Ingredients: Juniper Berry fresh, Structured Water, 96% Alcohol.

Non-Alcohol: Juniper Berry, Structured Water, Vegetable Glycerin.

All of our ingredients are Certified Organic, Kosher, or Responsibly Wildcrafted. No genetically modified organisms (GMO’s) are involved. All other products that are distributed by us meet our high-quality standards.

Instructions: Use 10-20 drops in juice, water, under the tongue or as desired. May be taken 2 – 4 times daily. Shake well. Store in cool dark place. Keep out of reach of children.

Contraindications: One should be extremely careful with the dosage and its consumption. The USFDA does not recommend this herb as safe, and prolonged use (more than a month) is not recommended, as it may cause kidney damage. If kidney disease is suspected, Juniper berries may over-stimulate the kidneys and adrenals and should be avoided. Pregnant women should not use Juniper Berry because it stimulates the uterus and may cause unwanted abortion. Women who are attempting to get pregnant should avoid Juniper, as it can result in lowered fertility chances and it causes uterine contractions. Juniper should not be used in cases of heavy menstrual flow, and the herb may interfere with the absorption of iron and other minerals. Some people may have allergic responses to Junipers, so test on a small area of the skin. The oil of Juniper should never be used on an open wound, as it could cause swelling and irritation.

Disclaimer: The information presented herein by Herbal Alchemy is intended for educational purposes only. These statements have not been evaluated by the FDA and are not intended to diagnose, cure, treat or prevent disease. Individual results may vary, and before using any supplements, it is always advisable to consult with your own healthcare provider.

Mechanism of Action

Pharmacology:

– Constituents: Monoterpenes (which make up most of the essential oil) – alpha- and beta-pinene, sabinene, limonene, terpinen-4-ol, alpha-terpineol, borneol, geraniol5, myrcene, camphene2, camphor, alpha-eudesmol1 and many others.

– Sesquiterpenes – beta-caryophyllene, delta-cadinene, farnesol, gamma-elemente, gamma-muurolene, humulene2, pregeijerene6 and many others.

– Diterpenes – sugiol, xanthoperol, 4-epi-abietic acid, 4-epi-dehydroabietic acid, 4-epi-palustric acid, 4-epi-abietinal, 4-epi-abietinol7, isopimaric acid, isocommunic acid, (-)ent-trans communic acid, sandracopimaric acid8 and many others.

– Neolignan glycosides – junipercomnoside A and B, icariside E4, and others9.

– Lignans – podophyllotoxin is present and is toxic to the nerves, gut and liver.10

– Tannins – gallocatechins.

Flavonoids – isocutellarein, hypolaetin, kaempferol 3-O-alpha-rhamnopyranoside, quercitin, nicotiflorin, naringenin 7-O-beta-glucopyranoside and others.9

– Resin (fruit 80,000-100,000ppm); pentosan (fruit 60,000ppm); tannin (fruit 50,000ppm); essential oil (fruit 34,200ppm); cedrene (leaf 12,000-36,000ppm); alpha-pinene (fruit 9,200ppm); pectin (fruit 7,000ppm); sabinene (fruit 2,700ppm); P-hydroxybenzoic acid (plant 2,500ppm); cedrol (leaf 450-2,100ppm); myrcene (fruit 1,800ppm); terpinen-4-ol (fruit 1,050ppm); limonene (fruit 910ppm); beta-phellandrene (fruit 660ppm); alpha-terpinene (fruit 640ppm); gamma-terpinene (fruit 600ppm); beta-pinene (fruit 580ppm).

– Alpha-eudesmol inhibits calcium channels and appears to be neuroprotective in a stroke model.11

– Antifungal compounds are found in juniper such as oidiolactone C.12

– Isocrupressic acid in Juniperus communis has been identified as an active abortifacient compound.4

– Alpha- and beta-cedrene from Juniperus occidentalis have antimicrobial activity.13 15,16-epoxy-12-hydroxy-8(17),13(16),14-labdatrien-19-oic acid14

– Anti-inflammatory effects: A dry 80%-ethanolic extract of juniper, administered orally at 100mg/kg, reduced carrageenan-induced rat paw edema by 60% (p<0.001) compared to 45% for indometacin at 5mg/kg (p<0.01).15

-Diuretic effects: The diuretic action of juniper has been attributed to terpinen-4-ol.16 A 10% aqueous infusion of juniper or a 0.1% aqueous solution of juniper oil (with 0.2% of Tween 20 solubilizer) or a 0.01% aqueous solution of terpinen-4-ol were orally administered to groups of rats at 5mL/100g body weight; control groups were given water or water and 0.2% Tween orally and reference groups were given antidiuretic hormone (ADH; vasopressin) intraperitoneally at 0.004, 0.04 or 0.4 IU/100g. Compared to water, the 10% aqueous infusion of juniper and the 0.1% aqueous solution of juniper oil (in which the ratio of pinene fraction to terpinen-4-ol was 5:1) caused reductions of only 6% in diuresis over a 24-hour period, equivalent to the effect of 0.004 IU/100g of ADH, while the 0.01% solution of terpinen-4-ol caused a reduction of 30% in diuresis (p<0.01), equivalent to 0.4 IU/100g intraperitoneal of ADH. However, after continued daily administration at the same daily dose level, the two juniper preparations and terpinen-4-ol stimulated diuresis on days two and three, although only the 10% aqueous infusion of juniper exerted significant diuretic activity (+ 43% on day two; +44% on day three; p<0.05), suggesting that the diuretic effect is partly due to the essential oil and partly to hydrophilic constituents.17

After oral administration to rats of lyophilized aqueous extract of juniper at 1000mg/kg body weight, no increase in urine volume or excretion of Na+, K+ or Cl- ions could be demonstrated over a six-hour period compared to the effect of the same volume of water.18

– Hypoglycemic effects: An orally administered decoction of juniper showed significant hypoglycemic activity in normal rats after single doses equivalent to 250-500mg juniper/kg and in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats after 24-day treatment with doses equivalent to 125mg juniper/kg. The effects were attributed to an increase in peripheral absorption of glucose, independent of plasma insulin levels.3

– Other: Intravenous administration of a lyophilized aqueous extract of juniper (25mg/kg body weight) to normotensive rats produced an initial transient rise in arterial pressure followed by a reduction of 27%. A dose of 1.2g/kg of the same extract produced an analgesic response of 178% as measured by thermal stimuli in mice.18

 

References

  1. Adams, R. P. Systematics of Juniperus section Juniperus based on leaf essential oils and random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs). Biochem Syst Ecol7-1-2000;28(6):515-528. 10793252
  2. Johnson, W. Final report on the safety assessment of Juniperus communis extract, Juniperus oxycedrus extract, Juniperus oxycedrus tar, Juniperus phoenicia extract, and Juniperus virginiana extract. Int J Tox2001;20 (sup 2):41-56.
  3. Sanchez, de Medina, Gamez, M. J., Jimenez, I., Jimenez, J., Osuna, J. I., and Zarzuelo, A. Hypoglycemic activity of juniper „berries“. Planta Med1994;60(3):197-200. 8073081
  4. Gardner, D. R., Panter, K. E., James, L. F., and Stegelmeier, B. L. Abortifacient effects of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) and common juniper (Juniperus communis) on cattle. Vet Hum Toxicol1998;40(5):260-263. 9778758
  5. Grainger Bisset, N. Max Wichtl herbal drugs and phytopharmaceuticals a handbook for practice on a scientific basis
  6. Cool, L. G. and Adams, R. P. A pregeijerene isomer from Juniperus erectopatens foliage. Phytochemistry2003;63(1):105-108. 12657304
  7. Tabacik C and Poisson, C. Diterpenes de Juniperus phoenicea: constituants mineurs. Phytochemistry1971;10:1639-1645.
  8. Topcu, G., Erenler, R., Cakmak, O., Johansson, C. B., Celik, C., Chai, H. B., and Pezzuto, J. M. Diterpenes from the berries of Juniperus excelsa. Phytochemistry1999;50(7):1195-1199. 10234860
  9. Nakanishi, T., Iida, N., Inatomi, Y., Murata, H., Inada, A., Murata, J., Lang, F. A., Iinuma, M., and Tanaka, T. Neolignan and flavonoid glycosides in Juniperus communis var. depressa. Phytochemistry2004;65(2):207-213. 14732280
  10. Leitner, J., Hofbauer, F., and Ackerl, M. [Poisoning with a podophyllin-containing wart-treating tincture]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr7-12-2002;127(28-29):1516-1520. 12111657
  11. Asakura, K., Matsuo, Y., Oshima, T., Kihara, T., Minagawa, K., Araki, Y., Kagawa, K., Kanemasa, T., and Ninomiya, M. omega-agatoxin IVA-sensitive Ca(2+) channel blocker, alpha-eudesmol, protects against brain injury after focal ischemia in rats. Eur J Pharmacol4-7-2000;394(1):57-65. 10771035
  12. Barrero, A. F., Arseniyadis, S., Quilez del Moral, J. F., Herrador, M. M., Valdivia, M., and Jimenez, D. First synthesis of the antifungal oidiolactone C from trans-communic acid: cytotoxic and antimicrobial activity in podolactone-related compounds. J Org Chem4-19-2002;67(8):2501-2508. 11950294
  13. Johnston, W. H., Karchesy, J. J., Constantine, G. H., and Craig, A. M. Antimicrobial activity of some Pacific Northwest woods against anaerobic bacteria and yeast. Phytother Res2001;15(7):586-588. 11746838
  14. Martin, A. M., Queiroz, E. F., Marston, A., and Hostettmann, K. Labdane diterpenes from Juniperus communis L. berries. Phytochem Anal2006;17(1):32-35. 16454474
  15. Mascolo N and et al. Biological screening of Italian medicinal plants for anti-inflammatory activity. Phytother Res1987;1:28-31.
  16. Janku, I., Hava, M., and Motl, O. [Diuretic substance from juniper (Juniperus communis L.)].Experientia6-15-1957;13(6):255-256. 13447954
  17. Stanic, G, Samarzija, I, and Blazevic, N. Time-dependent diuretic response in rats treated with juniper berry preparations. Phytother Res1998;12:494-497.
  18. Lasheras B and et al. Etude pharmacologique preliminaire de Prunus spinosa L. Amelanchier ovalis Medikus, Juniperus communis L. et Urtica dioica LPlant Med Phytother1986;20:219-226.

 

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