BILJNI PREPARATI NEVENA: Calendula officinalis L. (Asteraceae)                                                                                         

TINKTURA,  hidroetanolni tečni ekstrakt suvog cveta, NEVEN HSS, DER 1:5, Ph. Eur.,

MATIČNA TINKTURA,  hidroetanolni tečni ekstrakt svežeg cveta, NEVEN TM, DER 1:2, Ph.Fra., i 

ULJANI MACERAT, uljani nacerat cveta, NEVEN OL

Calendulae floris tinctura

Calendulae floris recentis extractum ethanolicum liquidum

Calendulae floris recentis extractum oleosum liquidum 1:4

Calendulae floris recentis maceratum oleosum 1:10

preparati namenjeni kod inflamacija kože i sluzokože, regenerišu tkiva.

 

ATC: – antiinflamatik,- antikarcinogenik, – emenagog, – stimulant.

MeSH Tree:

Chemicals and Drugs Category > Heterocyclic Compounds > Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring > Pyrans > Benzopyrans > Chromones > Flavonoids > Flavonols > Supplementary Records > hyperoside

 

U skladu sa:

1) Based on Article 10a of Directive 2001/83/EC as amended (well-established use),

Based on Article 16d(1), Article 16f and Article 16h of Directive 2001/83/EC as amended (traditional use),

DIRECTIVE 2004/24/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 31 March 2004.

2) Ph. Eur. 7.0 monografija: Calendulae flos 01/2011: 1297

3) European Medicines Agency, London, 6 March 2008, Doc. Ref.: EMA/HMPC/179282/2007

COMMITTEE ON HERBAL MEDICINAL PRODUCTS (HMPC): Assessment report on Calendula officinalis L., flos

4) European Medicines Agency, London, 08 May 2008, Doc. Ref.: EMA/HMPC/179281/2007 Corr.

COMMITTEE ON HERBAL MEDICINAL PRODUCTS (HMPC): Community herbal monograph on Calendula officinalis L., flos

5) French Pharmacopoeia 2005 (Pharmacopée française 2005): Calendula officinalis ad praeparationes homoeopathicas

(SOUCI POUR PRÉPARATIONS HOMÉOPATHIQUES) method 1.1.5 (2371), HAB Method 3a.

 

Biljni preparati u tečnom obliku (nerazblaženi ili razblaženi) za oralnu i lokalnu upotrebu.

 a) Calendula officinalis L., flos – Calendulae flos sine/ cum calyce (fresh flower).

 

Sastav:

a) tečni ekstrakt (DER 1:2), ekstrakcioni rastvarač etanol 65% v/v,

b) tečni ekstrakt (DER 1:4), ekstrakcioni rastvarač maslinovo ulje,

c) tečni ekstrakt (DER 1:10), ekstrakcioni rastvarač maslinovo ulje,

d) mast (DER 1:5-1:25), ekstrakcioni rastvarač biljna mast/ ulje (Ointment (1:5 – 1:25), extraction solvent hardened vegetable fat, petroleum jelly).

 

Calendula officinalis L., sadrži 125 istraženih hemijskih jedinjenja koja ispoljavaju 471 dejstvo ( podaci ažurirani novembar 2017.).

 

Sadržaj:;

a) minimalno 0,01% m/m ukupnih flavonoida, u obliku hiperozida (MF: C₂₁H₂₀O₁₂, MW: 464,3763 g/mol⁻¹),

b) u većoj koncentraciji sadržistigmasterol, flavonoide, palmitoleinsku kiselinu, resin (smolu), laurinsku kiselinu, sluz, malinsku kiselinu,proteine, EO, askorbinsku kiselinu, kalendine,

c) više od svih biljaka sadrži alkaloide (najviše posle Papaver somniferum),karotenoide (tetraterpenoids).

 

Indikacije: biljni preparati su namenjeni poboljšanju opšteg stanja organizma kroz razna naučno dokazana dejstva.

Upotreba kod inflamacija kože i sluzokože, za regeneraciju tkiva.

 

– ima jako dejstvo kod: inflamacija, prevencije Ca., bakterijskih i virusnih infekcija, Tu, visokog holesterola, edema, ulceracija, ateroskleroze, …

 

– delotvoran kod: oštećenja jetre,

 

– u narodnoj medicini kod (abecedno): Health effects: ache (stomach) ache (tooth) amenorrhea analgesic astringent bactericide bruise Cancer carminative cholagogue choleretic corn depurative diaphoretic diuretic emmenagogue fever flu hemorrhage internulcer intestine kidney lung mouthwash piles scrofula sprain stimulant stomach styptic sudorific syphilis tonic tuberculosis vermifuge wart

 

– spoljašnja primena kod:

Herbal substance or comminuted herbal substance for infusion or other herbal preparations in liquid or semi solid dosage forms for cutaneous and oromucosal use. The pharmaceutical form should be described by the European Pharmacopoeia full standard term.

– upotrebljava se kao:                                                                                                                                                                       

jak antioksidant, antiinflamatik, Ca-preventiv, antibakterik, pesticid, antitumorik, antiradikular, antivirotik, hipoholesterolemik, hepatoprotektiv, antiedemik, antimutagenik, antiulcerik, antiaterosklerotik, Aldose-reductase-inhibitor, antiperoksidant, antiseptik, antihepatotoksik, analgetik, antitumorik, …

 

Monografija nemačke E komisije (Commission E Monographs), terapijski vodič za biljne lekove, preporučuje Calendula officinalis u tretmanu tegoba izazvanih inflamacijom oralne i faringealne sluzokože spolja za tretman Ulcus cruris-a i rana koje teško zarastaju.

 

Doziranje i način primene:

do 2 mL (80 kapi) podeljeno u 2 do 4 doze.

Biljni preparati NEVEN HSS i TM:

pojedinačna doza: 0,5-1 mL,

preporučena dnevna doza (PDD): 2 mL.

Oralna (sat vremena pre obroka) sa malo tečnosti i lokalna primena.

Upotreba na koži: aplicirati na obolelo mesto u tankom sloju ili obliku impregniranog zavoja.

NEVEN OL:

po potrebi, do 5 mL dnevno

 

Napraviti pauzu posle 4 nedelje neprekidne upotrebe.

Po preporukama, preparat postiže najbolje efekte pri upotrebi od 8 do 12 nedelja, duža upotreba je bezbedna uz pauze.

 

Kontraindikacije:

preosetljivost na aktivne supstance,

preosetljivost na biljke porodice (genus Calendula, family Asteraceae).

 

Čuvanje:

na tamnom, suvom i hladnom mestu do 20˚C, van domašaja dece i izlaganja EM zračenju, u dobro zatvorenoj originalnoj ambalaži.

 

Rok upotrebe:

5 godina, posle prvog otvaranja 6 meseci, ulje 2 godine. Ako se čuva po preporučenim uslovima, rok trajanja je neograničen.

 

Pakovanje: 50 mL i 100 mL, standardne farmaceutske braon bočice; 250 mL, 500 mL, 1000 mL i 5000 mL na zahtev.

 

Nutritivne informacije:

NEVEN HSS i TM

energetska vrednost u 100 mL: 1504 kJ/ 360 kcal,

u preporučenoj dnevnoj dozi (PDD) 2 mL: 30 kJ/ 7,17 kcal,

suve materije (DR) više od 1,0% (Ph.Fr.),

etanola (2.9.10): 50 % V/V do 60 % V/V (Fr. Ph.), 65% v/v HAB.

NEVEN OL

energetska vrednost u 100 mL: 3008 kJ/ 720 kcal,

ekvivalentna vrednost energetskoj vrednosti maslinovog ulja.

 

Bez dodatnih konzervanasa, proteina, masti i ugljenih hidrata. Rukom rađen proizvod. 

 

Matična tinktura NEVEN TM ulazi u sastav preparata RESPIRO 30, za kog je obavljena analiza na teške metale, pesticide i mikrobiološka ispravnost broj 4603120601 od 29.03.2016. godine – analizu izvršila ANAHEM LABORATORIJA.

 

CENOVNIK

TINKTURA,  hidroetanolni tečni ekstrakt sušenog cveta, NEVEN HSS, DER 1:5, Ph.Eur.,

50 mL – 500,00 RSD (4,25 e);  100 mL – 1000,00 RSD (8,5 e);

MATIČNA TINKTURA, hidroetanolni tečni ekstrakt svežeg cveta, NEVEN TM, DER 1:2, Fr. Ph.,

50 mL – 600,00 RSD (5 e);  100 mL – 1200,00 RSD (10 e);

ULJANI MACERAT, NEVEN OL 1:10, Ph.Eur., 

50 mL – 250,00 RSD (2,1 e);  100 mL – 500,00 RSD (4,2 e);

ULJANI MACERAT OL 1:4, Fr. Ph.,

50 mL – 300,00 RSD (2,5 e);  100 mL – 600,00 RSD (5 e).

 

Poželjno pogledati sve informacije na: http://www.biljni-preparati.com/preparati/neven-calendula-officinalis-l/

Calendula officinalis L.: calendula, garden-marigold, marigold, pot-marigold, ruddles, Scotch-marigold, Scottish-marigold

Upotreba nevena (Calendula officinalis L.) u tradicionalnoj medicini, sa referencama.

bol (želudac)	Martinez, Maximino. 1969. Las Plantas Medinales de Mexico.
bol (zubobolja)	Wong, W. 1976. Some folk medicinal plants from Trinidad. Economic Botany 30(2): 103-142.
amenoreja	Al-Rawi, Ali. 1964. Medicinal Plants of Iraq. Tech. Bull. No. 15. Ministry of Agriculture, Directorate General of Agricultural Research Projects.
analgetik	Wong, W. 1976. Some folk medicinal plants from Trinidad. Economic Botany 30(2): 103-142.
adstrigent	Steinmetz, E.F. 1957. codex Vegetabilis. Published by the author, Amsterdam.
baktericid	Martinez, Maximino. 1969. Las Plantas Medinales de Mexico.
hematomi	Al-Rawi, Ali. 1964. Medicinal Plants of Iraq. Tech. Bull. No. 15. Ministry of Agriculture, Directorate General of Agricultural Research Projects.
Ca	Hartwell, J.L. 1967-71. Plants used against cancer. A survey. Lloydia 30-34.
Ca	Martinez, Maximino. 1969. Las Plantas Medinales de Mexico.
karminativ	Uphof, J.C. Th. 1968. Dictionary of economic plants. 2nd ed. Verlag von J. Cramer.
holagog	ANON. 1978. List of Plants. Kyoto Herbal Garden, Parmacognostic Research Lab., Central Research Division, Takeda Chem. Industries, Ltd., Ichijoji, Sakyoku, Kyoto, Japan.
holeretik
žuljevi	Hartwell, J.L. 1967-71. Plants used against cancer. A survey. Lloydia 30-34.
depurativ	Al-Rawi, Ali. 1964. Medicinal Plants of Iraq. Tech. Bull. No. 15. Ministry of Agriculture, Directorate General of Agricultural Research Projects.
depurativ	Steinmetz, E.F. 1957. codex Vegetabilis. Published by the author, Amsterdam.
dijaforetik
diuretik	ANON. 1978. List of Plants. Kyoto Herbal Garden, Parmacognostic Research Lab., Central Research Division, Takeda Chem. Industries, Ltd., Ichijoji, Sakyoku, Kyoto, Japan.
emenagog	Steinmetz, E.F. 1957. codex Vegetabilis. Published by the author, Amsterdam.
emenagog	Martinez, Maximino. 1969. Las Plantas Medinales de Mexico.
emenagog	Font Query, P. 1979. Plantas Medicinales el Dioscorides Renovado. Editorial Labor, S.A. Barcelona. 5th Ed.
groznica	Wong, W. 1976. Some folk medicinal plants from Trinidad. Economic Botany 30(2): 103-142.
groznica	Steinmetz, E.F. 1957. codex Vegetabilis. Published by the author, Amsterdam.
grip	Wong, W. 1976. Some folk medicinal plants from Trinidad. Economic Botany 30(2): 103-142.
hemoragija	Shih-chen, Li. 1973. Chinese medinal herbs. Georgetown Press, San Francisco.
ulceracije (unutrašnje)	Martinez, Maximino. 1969. Las Plantas Medinales de Mexico.
intestinum	Martinez, Maximino. 1969. Las Plantas Medinales de Mexico.
bubrezi	Martinez, Maximino. 1969. Las Plantas Medinales de Mexico.
pluća	Martinez, Maximino. 1969. Las Plantas Medinales de Mexico.
mouthwash	Wong, W. 1976. Some folk medicinal plants from Trinidad. Economic Botany 30(2): 103-142.
hemoroidi	Shih-chen, Li. 1973. Chinese medinal herbs. Georgetown Press, San Francisco.
skrofule	Steinmetz, E.F. 1957. codex Vegetabilis. Published by the author, Amsterdam.
uganuća	Al-Rawi, Ali. 1964. Medicinal Plants of Iraq. Tech. Bull. No. 15. Ministry of Agriculture, Directorate General of Agricultural Research Projects.
stimulant	Steinmetz, E.F. 1957. codex Vegetabilis. Published by the author, Amsterdam.
želudac	Martinez, Maximino. 1969. Las Plantas Medinales de Mexico.
stiptik	Steinmetz, E.F. 1957. codex Vegetabilis. Published by the author, Amsterdam.
sudorifik	Steinmetz, E.F. 1957. codex Vegetabilis. Published by the author, Amsterdam.
sifilis	Martinez, Maximino. 1969. Las Plantas Medinales de Mexico.
tonik	Steinmetz, E.F. 1957. codex Vegetabilis. Published by the author, Amsterdam.
Tu	Martinez, Maximino. 1969. Las Plantas Medinales de Mexico.
vermifug	Steinmetz, E.F. 1957. codex Vegetabilis. Published by the author, Amsterdam.
bradavice	Hartwell, J.L. 1967-71. Plants used against cancer. A survey. Lloydia 30-34.

Data by National Agricultural Library

 

Spisak bioaktivnih jedinjenja po broju dejstava
Chemical	Plant Part
QUERCETIN	Plant
ASCORBIC-ACID	Flower
CAFFEIC-ACID	Plant
RUTIN	Flower
CHLOROGENIC-ACID	Flower
KAEMPFEROL	Plant
OLEANOLIC-ACID	Flower
BETA-SITOSTEROL	Flower
TANNIN	Leaf
SALICYLIC-ACID	Plant
ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL	Leaf
CARYOPHYLLENE	Flower
CALCIUM	Leaf
LINOLEIC-ACID	Seed
P-COUMARIC-ACID	Plant
VANILLIC-ACID	Flower
LUPEOL	Flower
INULIN	Root
OLEIC-ACID	Seed
LYCOPENE	Flower
MALIC-ACID	Flower
LUTEIN	Flower
GAMMA-TOCOPHEROL	Leaf
PALMITIC-ACID	Seed
P-HYDROXY-BENZOIC-ACID	Flower
STIGMASTEROL	Flower
ALPHA-AMYRIN	Flower
BETA-AMYRIN	Flower
UBIQUINONE	Root
GENTISIC-ACID	Flower
LAURIC-ACID	Plant
MYRISTIC-ACID	Seed
SYRINGIC-ACID	Flower
MUCILAGE	Flower
ISORHAMNETIN-3-RUTINOSIDE	Flower
TARAXASTEROL	Flower
PALMITOLEIC-ACID
FARADIOL	Flower
VIOLAXANTHIN	Plant
CAMPESTEROL	Flower
DIMORPHECOLIC-ACID	Seed
GALACTOSE	Flower
PENTADECANOIC-ACID	Flower
RUBIXANTHIN	Plant
CHOLESTEROL	Flower
ISORHAMNETIN-3-GLUCOSIDE	Flower
URSA-12-ENE-3BETA,16BETA,21-TRIOL	Plant
EO	Flower
9-HYDROXY-TRANS-10,CIS-12-OCTADECADIENIC-ACID	Seed
STIGMAST-7-EN-3-BETA-OL	Sprout Seedling
CAROTENOIDS	Flower
24-METHYLCHOLEST-7-EN-7-BETA-OL	Sprout Seedling
PROTEIN	Flower
URONIC-ACID	Flower
OLEAN-12-ENE-3BETA,16BETA,28-TRIOL	Flower
9′-CIS-LUTEIN	Flower
SAPONOSIDES	Plant
LUTEOXANTHIN	Flower
24-METHYLCHOLEST-5,22-DIEN-3-BETA-OL	Sprout Seedling
PLASTOQUINONE	Plant
Data by National Agricultural Library

 

Bioaktivne supstance, spisak po procentualnom sadržaju
Chemical/	Plant Part
FAT	Seed
ALKALOIDS	Plant
LINOLEIC-ACID	Seed
OLEIC-ACID	Seed
PALMITIC-ACID	Seed
TANNIN	Leaf
RESIN	Flower
LINOLENIC-ACID	Seed
CALCIUM	Leaf
CAROTENOIDS	Flower
PALMITOLEIC-ACID	Seed
LAURIC-ACID	Plant
MYRISTIC-ACID	Seed
MUCILAGE	Flower
FLAVONOIDS	Flower
MALIC-ACID	Flower
PROTEIN	Flower
EO	Flower
ASCORBIC-ACID	Flower
CALENDINE	Flower
SALICYLIC-ACID	Plant
CITROXANTHIN	Plant
PSI-TARAXASTEROL	Flower
8-METHYL-TOCOL	Plant
CAMPESTANOL	Shoot
2,4-METHYLENE-CHOLESTEROL	Flower
LAPENETRIOL	Flower
URSADIOL	Plant
FUCOSTANOL	Plant
STIGMASTANOL	Sprout Seedling
AUROXANTHIN	Flower
CIS-LUTEOXANTHIN	Flower
PSEUDOTARAXASTEROL	Flower
7-METHYLTOCOL	Plant
CALENDULOSIDES	Root
OLEANOLIC-ACID	Flower
12-URSENE-3,6,21-TRIOL	Plant
KAEMPFEROL	Plant
URSA-12-ENE-3BETA,16BETA,21-TRIOL	Plant
FLAVOXANTHIN	Flower

 

 

CERES Calendula Urtinktur

CALENDULA Urtinktur DHU-Arzneimittel GmbH & Co. KG

TINKTURA OD NEVENA

Anti-inflammatory activity of flower extract of Calendula officinalis Linn. and its possible mechanism of action.

X X X X X

Mechanism of the Anticancer Effect of Lycopene (Tetraterpenoids).

X X X X X

Neven Calendula (Calendula officinalis)

 

Synonyms / Common Names / Related Terms

Allo-ocimene, arnidiol -3-O-laurate, arnidiol-3-O-myristate, arnidiol-3-O-palmitate, Asteraceae (family), bride of the sun, bull flower, butterwort, calendasaponin A, calendasaponin B, calendasaponin C, calendasaponin D, Calendula arvensis L., calendula flower, calendula herb, Calendula micrantha, Caltha officinalis, calendulae flos, calendulae herba, calenduladiol-3-O-myristate, calenduladiol-3-O-palmitate, calendasaponins, calypso orange florensis, cis-tagetone, claveton (Spanish), Compositae (family), cowbloom, death-flower, dihydro tagetone, drunkard gold, Egyptian Calendula officinalis, faradiol-3-O-laurate, faradiol-3-O-myristate, faradiol-3-O-palmitate, Fiesta Gitana Gelb, fior d’ogni (Italian), flaminquillo (Spanish), flavonoids, fleurs de tous les mois (French), gauche-fer (French), gold bloom, Goldblume (German), golden flower of Mary, goulans, gouls, herb of the sun, holligold, holygold, husband’s dial, kingscup, ionone glucosides, laser activated calendula extract (LACE), limonene, lutein, maravilla, marigold, marigold dye, marigold flowers, marybud, marygold, may orange florensis, methyl chavicol, officinosides, oleanolic acid, patulitrin, poet’s marigold, pot marigold, Mejorana (Spanish), publican and sinner, Ringelblume (German), patuletin, patulitrin, payté wamal, piperitenone, piperitone, ruddles, saponins, Scotch marigold, sesquiterpene oligoglycosides, shining herb, solsequia, souci (French), souci des champs (French), souci des jardins (French), summer’s bride, sun’s bride, terpinolene, triterpendiol monoesters, triterpenoids, ursolic acid, water dragon, yolk of egg.

 

Mechanism of Action

Pharmacology:

• General: The essential oils of Calendula micrantha were shown in one study to resemble hormones of the Mediterranean fruit fly
  Ceratitis capitata, and the oils suppressed their reproductive potential.¹¹
• Constituents: The principal identified constituents of calendula are triterpenoids and flavonoids.^12,13At least eight bioactive triterpendiol monoesters have been identified in the extracts of dried calendula flowers: faradiol-3-O-palmitate, faradiol-3-O-myristate, faradiol-3-O-laurate, arnidiol-3-O-palmitate, arnidiol-3-O-myristate, arnidiol-3-O-laurate, calenduladiol-3-O-palmitate, and calenduladiol-3-O-myristate.¹⁴ The flavonoids, particularly patulitrin and patuletin, may be used as dyes.¹⁵ The saponin fractions isolated from Calendula officinalis flower include oleanolic acid (205.53mg/g dry weight) and ursolic acid.¹⁶ Calendasaponins A, B, C, and D, two additional ionone glucosides (officinosides A and B), and two sesquiterpene oligoglycosides (officinosides C and D) have been isolated from the flowers of Egyptian Calendula officinalis.¹⁷ Various pharmacological properties have been attributed in preclinical research to various constituents, including anti-inflammatory, immunostimulating, antibacterial, antiviral, antiprotozoal, and antineoplastic properties. The mechanisms underlying these possible effects are poorly understood. Two homologous cDNAs, CoFad2 and CoFac2, were isolated from a Calendula officinalis developing seed by polymerase chain reaction.¹⁸
• Antibacterial effects: Hydroacetonic extract from fresh plants inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureusat a concentration of 1mg/mL in vitro.⁵ Calendula extract was tested on biofilms of infant dentifrices and did not demonstrate antimicrobial effects against A. viscosus, C. albicans, L. casei, S. mitis, S. mutans, S. oralis, S. sanguis, or  sobrinus.⁶
• Anti-inflammatory effects: The active components of calendula’s anti-inflammatory activity are thought to be the triterpenoids, particularly faradiol monoester. Free ester faradiol is the most active and exhibits the same effects as an equimolar dose of indomethacin.^7,19,20In one study, the aromatic moieties of the triterpenes were chemically modified to increase anti-inflammatory activity in vivo.²¹ Calendula’s glycosides have also inhibited lipooxygenase activity in vitro.²²
• Antioxidant effects: Extracts of Calendula officinalis have anti-oxidant activity and demonstrate strong abilities to scavenge reactive oxygen species.²³Plants of the genus Calendula are natural sources of betacarotene²⁴, which may contribute to potential antioxidant effects. Nineteen carotenoids have been identified in extracts of Calendula officinalis petals, including flavoxanthin and isomers of lycopene, carotene, and rubixanthin²⁵.
• Antiprotozoal effects: Oxygenated terpene alcohols and terpene lactones from calendula have been observed to possess trichomonacidal activity.⁹
• Antiproliferative effects: In a mouse model, dietary lutein derived from calendula extract has been found to suppress mammary tumor growth, increase tumor latency, and enhance lymphocyte proliferation.²⁶Saponins isolated from calendula express in vitro antimutagenic and tumor cell cytotoxic activity.^27,28 C. officinalis does not exert a direct mitogenic effect on human lymphocytes in vitro and exhibits inhibitory effects on lymphocyte. proliferation²⁹ A preparation of several herbs (Calendula officinalis, echinacea, Scorzonera humilis, and Aconitum moldavicum) has been associated with the „normalization“ of pathologic enzyme activity by rat hepatocytes affected by carcinoma.³⁰
• Antispasmodic and spasmogenic effects: Crude extracts of Calendula officinalisflowers have been shown to contain both spasmolytic and spasmogenic constituents in rabbit jejunum.³¹
• Antiviral effects: Anti-HIV activity of calendula has been demonstrated in vitro¹⁰specifically involving the inhibition of HIV-1 (IIIB) induced cytopathogenicity in CD4+ lymphocytic Molt-4 clone 8 cells. Triterpenoid saponins from Calendula arvensis have inhibited multiplication of vesicular stomatitis virus and rhinovirus in vitro.³² Triterpene and flavonol glycosides isolated from calendula have also demonstrated inhibitory activity against Epstein-Barr virus activation.³³
• Cytotoxic effects: A novel laser-activated calendula extract is reported to activate lymphocytes and cytotoxicity in vitro, and may have important anti-tumor effects in vivo.⁸
• Deodorant effects: The components of marigold and other medicinal plants may act as oral deodorants by inhibiting salivary protein putrification.³⁴
• Hepatic effects: Calendula officinalisextracts have been shown to have both protective and cytotoxic effects in rat hepatocyte cultures.³⁵ Calendula extracts have also been shown to reduce hepatocytolysis and steatosis in CCl₄-intoxicated liver in Wistar rats.³⁶
• Hypoglycemic effects: Hypoglycemic, gastric emptying inhibitory, and gastroprotective properties have been attributed to calendasaponins A, B, C, and D, two additional ionone glucosides (officinosides A and B), and two sesquiterpene oligoglycosides (officinosides C and D).³⁷
• Wound-healing effects: It has been proposed that Calendula officinalisextract may aid in wound healing by promoting epithelial growth and by enhancing immune responses.⁴ Rao et al. observed a reduction of epithelialization time, an increase in wound strength, and improvement of wound contraction in rats with experimental incision wounds that were topically treated with calendula.³⁸ The effects may also be mediated by the stimulation of phagocytosis, by increased granulation³, and via effects on metabolism of glycoproteins, nucleoproteins, and collagen proteins in tissue regeneration¹.
• Other effects:In vitro, calendula exhibited moderate „uterotonic“ effects in isolated rabbit and guinea pig uterine tissues.³⁹ In early (1964) animal studies, high doses of calendula preparations were reported to act as sedatives and hypotensive agents².

Pharmacodynamics/Kinetics:

• Bioavailability: To investigate whether digestive processes could affect the antioxidant properties of plant extracts, Gladine et al. examined the bioavailability of polyphenols in ruminants.⁴⁰Sheep were infused with linseed oil to increase susceptibility to lipid peroxidation and then given a single dose of plant polyphenol extract (rosemary grape, citrus, or marigold) directly into the rumen. Marigold extract, in particular, significantly reduced plasma lipoperoxidation. This study suggested that ruminant digestive processes do not abolish the antioxidant properties of marigold polyphenols.
• Extracts of Calendula officinaliswere tested in cell-free systems for inhibitory activity of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), key enzymes in inflammatory pathways.⁴¹

 

References

1. Klouchek-Popova, E., Popov, A., Pavlova, N., and Krusteva, S. Influence of the physiological regeneration and epithelialization using fractions isolated from Calendula officinalis. Acta Physiol Pharmacol Bulg1982;8(4):63-67. 7185264
2. Bojadjiev C. On the sedative and hypotensive effect of preparations from the plant Calendula officinalis. Nauch Trud Visshi Med Inst Sof1964;43:15-20.
3. Dietz V. Calendula preparations to treat cutaneous infections. Alt Med Alert1998;1(12):140-142.
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Calendula officinalis (Calendula) Bundesanzeiger Nr. 190 a vom 10.10.1985 Monographie BGA/BfArM (Kommission D)

Calendula flower (Calendulae flos) Published March 13, 1986. List of German Commission E Monographs (Phytotherapy)

Calendula herb (Calendulae herba) Published July 14, 1993.List of German Commission E Monographs (Phytotherapy)