Maslačak Taraxacum officinale (Asteraceae)

Maslačak Taraxacum officinale (Asteraceae)

BILJNI PREPARATI MASLAČKA:

TINKTURA,  hidroetanolni tečni ekstrakt sušene biljke, DER 1:5,

MATIČNA TINKTURA, MASLAČAK TM, hidroetanolni tečni ekstrakt sveže samonikle biljke, DER 1:2.

Tinctura Taraxaci

Taraxaci radicis cum herba extractum ethanolicum liquidum

namenjeni ublažavanju tegoba urinarnog trakta kod kalkulusa i infekcija, diuretik i saluretik jednak furosemidu (Prof. Max Wichtl PhD).

PREPARATI OD MASLAČKA
Delovi biljke koji se koriste prema evropskoj regulativi:
koren (Taraxaci radix) i list (Taraxaci folium).

Hemijski sastav: sadrži gorke supstance, triterpene, flavonske glikozide, inulin (do 40% u korenu starijih biljaka u jesen), fitostrole, vitamin A, karotenoide.

Upotreba: kao gorko sredstvo za podsticanje apetita i lučenja žuči, podstiče izlučivanje mokraće, olakšava pražnjenje creva, koristi se kod upale žučne kese, kamena u žuči, poremećaja varenja, mišićnog reumatizma i kao sastojak u preparatima za lečenje virusnog hepatitisa.

Preparati maslačka preporučuje se kod niza bolesti:
visokog krvnog pritiska, “trovanja krvi”, reumatoidnog artritisa, plućnih tegoba, žutice, bolesti bubrega, kožnih tegoba.
Imaju dobro delovanje na organe za izlučivanje, jetru, žuč i bubrege, delovanje na ove sisteme indirektno pomaže kod tegoba izazvanih drugim bolestima.

Ograničenja u upotrebi: može izazvati alergijske reakcije kod osetljivih osoba.

Kontraindikacije:
ni list, ni koren ne smeju se piti kod opstrukcije (začepljenja) žučnih kanala.
Oprez je potreban kod žučnih kamenaca, jer holeretično delovanje maslačka može pokrenuti žučne kalkuluse.

Ako pijete lekove kardiotonične glikozide (digitalis), savetujte se s fitoterapeutom, farmaceutom ili lekarom.
Kod naslednih sindroma povišenog bilirubina (Gilbertov, Crigler-Najjarov, Dubin Johnsonov sindrom) treba biti oprezan i koristiti dvostruko manju dozu od preporučene. U slučaju bolova, mučnine i drugih simptoma, treba prestati upotrebu preparata maslačka.
Osobe alergične na porodicu Asteraceae, trebaju da izbegavaju preparate maslačka.

BILJNI PREPARATI MASLAČKA:

TINKTURA,  hidroetanolni tečni ekstrakt sušene biljke, DER 1:5,

MATIČNA TINKTURA, MASLAČAK TM, hidroetanolni tečni ekstrakt sveže samonikle biljke, DER 1:2.

Tinctura Taraxaci,

Taraxaci floris recentis extractum ethanolicum liquidum,

Taraxaci folii recentis extractum ethanolicum liquidum,

Taraxaci radicis recentis extractum ethanolicum liquidum,

Taraxaci radicis cum herba recentis extractum ethanolicum liquidum.

 

ATC:

G01A – urinarni antiinfektivi i antiseptici,

G04BC – rastvarači urinarnih konkremenata.

 

U skladu sa:

Based on Article 16d(1), Article 16f and Article 16h of Directive 2001/83/EC as amended (traditional use), DIRECTIVE 2004/24/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 31 March 2004.

Eu. Ph. 01/2005 monografijom: 1851 Taraxaci officinalis herba cum radice, 1852 Taraxaci officinalis radix.

EMA/HMPC/212897/2008, Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC) od 12. novembra 2009.: Assessment report on Taraxacum officinale Weber ex Wigg., radix cum herba

Fr. Ph. 2002 ANSM: Taraxacum officinale ad praeparationes homoeopathicas

 

a)Taraxacum officinale, floris (Dandelion fresh flower),

b)Taraxacum officinale, folium (Dandelion fresh leaf),

c)Taraxacum officinale, radix (Dandelion fresh root),

d)Taraxacum officinale, herba (Dandelion fresh flowering whole plant).

Biljni preparati u tečnom obliku (nerazblaženi ili razblaženi) za oralnu i lokalnu upotrebu.

 

Sastav:

a) tečni ekstrakt (DER 1:2), ekstrakcioni rastvarač etanol 65% (v/v),

Taraxacum officinale L., sadrži 280 istraženih hemijskih jedinjenja koja ispoljavaju 653 dejstava (*podaci ažurirani  maja 2020.).

 

Sadržaj:

a) minimalno 0,012% m/m, seskviterpena (sesquiterpene), izraženih kao cedren (cedrene) (MF: C15H24, MW: 204,351060 g/mol−1),

b) u većoj koncentraciji sadrži 2-carboxyarabinitol, hrom, bakar, daucosterol,  rubidium, inulin, kalcijum, kalijum,

c) više od svih biljaka sadrži levulina, hlora, 4-alpha-11-beta-13,15-tetrahydroridentina-b, hydroxyphenylacetic acid, pseudotaraxasterol, pectins, Taraxerol, hroma (list),

 d) sadržaj vode u listu do 88%, koren do 85,7%.

 

Indikacije: List se koristi kao diuretik da poveća količinu urina (ispiranje urinarnog trakta), kao pomoćno sredstvo kod manjih mokraćnih tegoba,  kao laksativ (lako sredstvo za čišćenje), da bi se povećao protok žuči (choleretic), kod probavnih smetnji (dispepsija).

Koren se koristi kod dermatoloških tegoba, kao diuretik, kao laksativ (lako sredstvo za čišćenje), da bi se povećalo protok žuči (holagog i holeretik), za stimulaciju apetita i kod probavnih smetnji (dispepsija), kod tegoba sa jetrom i žučnom kesom.

Cela biljka se koristi kao diuretik,  za povećanje protoka žuči (holagog i holeretik), za stimulaciju apetita, kod tegoba sa varenjem (dispepsija), za povećanje količine urina za bolje ispiranje mokraćnih puteva, kao adjuvans kod manjih urinarnih tegoba.

Biljni preparati su namenjeni poboljšanju opšteg stanja organizma kroz razna naučno dokazana dejstva.

Upotreba kod urogenitalnih, gastrointestinalnih, respiratornih i kožnih  tegoba. Efektivno deluje na Candida spp.

 

Dr. Džems Djuk (Dr. James Duke) u Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, 2nd Ed. (2002). CRC Press, navodi sledeće:

 – ima jako dejstvo kod: anoreksije, kamena u bešici i bubregu, bilijarne diskinezije, bronhitisa, holecistitisa, dispepsije, gasova, hepatitisa, pneumonije i respiratornih  infekcija, urogenitalnih infekcija (UTI), zadržavanja tečnosti, …

– delotvoran kod: anemije bakterije kandida, nazeba, kolika, zagušenja, zatvora, cistitisa, hidropsije, groznice, peska, visokog krvnog pritiska, hiperglikemije i dijabetesa, inflamacija, žutice, nefroza, oligurije, osteoporoze, bolova i otoka, tuberkuloze, karcinoma i tumora, gljivičnih infekcija, …

 – u narodnoj medicini kod: apscesa, adenopatije, alkoholizma, bola u leđima, čira, modrica, karcinoma (bešike, creva, dojke, jetre, slezine, ezofagusa), karijesa, kardiopatije, katara, konjunktivitisa, kašlja, grčeva, dermatoza, dizenterije, dismenoreje, gripa, kamena u žuči, gastritisa, gihta, gorušica, hemoroida, hipohondrije, infekcija, svraba, hepatitisa, mastitisa, mukoza, neuroza, gojaznosti, PMS-a, reumatizma, škrofula, bolova u stomaku, zubobolje, gnojnica, povraćanja, skleroze jetre i slezine, gubitka apetita, …

 – spoljašnja primena kod: dermatoza, ekcema, ujeda zmija, gljivičnih infekcija, bradavica, 

 – upotrebljava se kao: aperitiv,  karminativ,  holagog,  diuretic, saluretik, zatim kao alergenik, antibakterik, antiedemik, antiinflamatik, antioksidant,  antiseptik, antitumor, bifidogenik, sialagog, biter, kandidicid,  fototoksik, holeretik, hepatotonik, hipoglikemik, laksativ, probiotik,  stomahik, a u narodnoj medicini kao antireumatik, alterativ, antidot, antispazmodik, aperient, akvaretik, adstringent, holekinetik, demulcent, depurativ, detoksikant,  dijaforetik, digestiv, galaktagog, litolitik, natriuretik, sekretagog, stimulant, tonik, …

Doziranje i način primene:
– odrasli preko 18 godina;
do 2 mL (80 kapi) podeljeno u 2 do 4 doze.
Biljni preparat MASLAČAK TM:
pojedinačna doza: 0,5-1 mL,
maksimalna preporučena dnevna doza (MPDD): 2 mL.
– mlađi od 18 godina;
po pravilima upotrebe za matične tinkture za osobe mlađe od 18 godina.
Oralna (15 minuta pre obroka) i lokalna primena.
Upotreba na koži: aplicirati na obolelo mesto u tankom sloju ili obliku impregniranog zavoja.

Napraviti pauzu posle 4 nedelje neprekidne oralne upotrebe, jednu nedelju.

Po preporukama, preparat postiže najbolje efekte pri upotrebi od 8 do 12 nedelja, duža upotreba je bezbedna uz pauze.

Kontraindikacije: preosetljivost na aktivne supstance, preosetljivost na biljke porodice (genus Taraxacum, family Asteraceae).

Potrebna je pažljiva upotreba kod bolesti srca, visokog ili niskog krvnog pritiska, poremećaja u radu bubrega ili jetre, dijabetesa ili edema (oticanja ruku, lica i nogu ) ili kod upotrebe diuretika.

Apsolutna kontraindikacija: deca mlađa od 24 meseca.

Čuvanje: na tamnom, suvom i hladnom mestu do 20˚C, van domašaja dece i izlaganja EM zračenju,  u dobro zatvorenoj originalnoj ambalaži.

Rok upotrebe: 5 godina, posle prvog otvaranja 6 meseci. Uz čuvanje u preporučenim uslovima, rok trajanja preparata je neograničen.

Pakovanje: 50 mL i 100 mL (1 3/4 fl oz i 3 1/2 fl oz), standarne farmaceutske braon bočice od UV rezistentnog stakla; 250 mL, 500 mL, 1000 mL i 5000 mL na zahtev.

Nutritivne informacije:

MASLAČAK HSS i TM:

energetska vrednost u 100 mL: 1504 kJ/ 360 kcal,

u preporučenoj dnevnoj dozi (PDD) 2 mL: 30 kJ/ 7,17 kcal,

suve materije (DR) više od 1,25% (Fr. Ph.), 2,0% (HAB), RD 1,030-1,050.

 

Bez konzervanasa, proteina, masti i ugljenih hidrata.

 

MASLAČAK HSS i TM su rukom rađeni proizvodi. 

CENOVNIK

LIST I CELA BILJKA

TINKTURA, MASLAČAK HSS, hidroetanolni tečni ekstrakt svežih listova samonikle biljke, DER 1:5, 500,00 RSD/ 50 mL, 1000,00 RSD/ 100 mL,

MATIĆNA TINKTURA, MASLAČAK TM, hidroetanolni tečni ekstrakt svežih listova biljke, DER 1:2, 600 RSD/ 50 mL, 1200 RSD/ 100 mL,

KOREN

TINKTURA, MASLAČAK KOREN HSS, hidroetanolni tečni ekstrakt sušenog korena samonikle biljke, DER 1:5, 600,00 RSD/ 50 mL, 1200,00 RSD/ 100 mL,

MATIĆNA TINKTURA, MASLAČAK TM, hidroetanolni tečni ekstrakt svežeg korena (sveže samonikle biljke), DER 1:2, 600,00 RSD/ 50 mL, 1200,00 RSD/ 100 mL.

podaci ažurirani maja 2020.

http://www.biljni-preparati.com/preparati/maslacak-taraxacum-officinale-l/#top 

Upotreba maslačka (Taraxacum officinalis L.) u narodnoj medicini sa referencama.

diuretik, tonik, depurativ, jetra, Ca (grudi), holagog, alternativ, dispepsija, kafa, hepatitis, laksativ, intoksikant, stomahik, ujed (zmije), apsces, aperient, aperitiv, baktericid, žuč, biter (bitter), hematomi, Ca, Ca (ezofagus), karijes, katar, galaktogog, srce, gorušica, Inappetence, žutica, bubrezi, skleroza (slezina), koža, slezina, otoci, čaj, Tu, bradavice, Tu (grudi),

ANON. 1978. List of Plants. Kyoto Herbal Garden, Parmacognostic Research Lab., Central Research Division, Takeda Chem. Industries, Ltd., Ichijoji, Sakyoku, Kyoto, Japan.

Singh, M.P., et al. 1979. Medicinal plants of Nepal – Retrospects and prospects. Economic Botany 33(2): 185-198.

Al-Rawi, Ali. 1964. Medicinal Plants of Iraq. Tech. Bull. No. 15. Ministry of Agriculture, Directorate General of Agricultural Research Projects.

Krochmal, Arnold and Connie. 1973. A guide to the medicinal plants of the United States. Quadrangle/The N.Y. Times Book Co.

Yey, S.D.J. 1973. Anticancer Chinese Herbal Medicines. Maerican Journal of Chinese Medicine 1(2): 271-274.

Font Query, P. 1979. Plantas Medicinales el Dioscorides Renovado. Editorial Labor, S.A. Barcelona. 5th Ed.

Uphof, J.C. Th. 1968. Dictionary of economic plants. 2nd ed. Verlag von J. Cramer.

Shih-chen, Li. 1973. Chinese medinal herbs. Georgetown Press, San Francisco.

Steinmetz, E.F. 1957. codex Vegetabilis. Published by the author, Amsterdam.

Hartwell, J.L. 1967-71. Plants used against cancer. A survey. Lloydia 30-34.

Keys, J.D. 1976. Chinese Herbs. Charles E. Tuttle Co., Tokyo.

Martinez, Maximino. 1969. Las Plantas Medinales de Mexico.

Data by National Agricultural Library

 

Spisak dejstava maslačka po broju bioaktivnih jedinjenja

Activity: Pesticide, Antioxidant, Cancer-Preventive, Antiinflammatory, Hypocholesterolemic, Antibacterial, Antiviral, Antidiabetic, Antimutagenic, Hepatoprotective, Fungicide, Antitumor, Antispasmodic, Antiradicular, Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor, Antiseptic, Antiarthritic, Cardioprotective, Analgesic, Hypoglycemic, Antihepatotoxic, Antiherpetic, Choleretic, Anticataract, Immunostimulant, Antileukemic, Hypotensive, Antiulcer, Diuretic, Antiosteoporotic, Antiatherosclerotic, Vasodilator, Allergenic, Antitumor (Colon), Antialzheimeran, Antitumor-Promoter, Antihypertensive, Antiasthmatic, Antihistaminic, Immunomodulator, Laxative, Antialzheimeran, Antitumor (Colon), Antiproliferant, Antirheumatic, Antinociceptive, Antiacne, Antiarrhythmic, Insectifuge, Antidepressant, Antifatigue, Antitumor (Lung), Apoptotic, Chemopreventive, Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor, Anxiolytic, AntiHIV, Antidementia, Antifeedant, Sweetener, Antiobesity, Antimaculitic, Antiperoxidant, Candidicide, Antiallergic, Anticancer, Antiaggregant, Sweetener, Antifeedant, Ornithine-Decarboxylase-Inhibitor, Antisyndrome-X, Antitumor (Skin), AntiLyme, Carcinogenic, Antialcoholic, Calcium-Antagonist, Antiepileptic, Xanthine-Oxidase-Inhibitor, Antitumor (Breast), Anticoronary, Vulnerary, Antialopecic, Antihangover, Antiaging, Antiophidic, Antiprostatitic, AntiLyme, Carcinogenic, Antialcoholic, Anticirrhotic, Irritant, Insulinogenic, Antiandrogenic, FLavor, Antileukotriene, AntiCrohn’s, Propecic, Antitumor (Prostate), Sunscreen, Antiestrogenic,  … ukupno 653

Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale)

Synonyms / Common Names / Related Terms

Artemetin, Asteraceae (family), beta-carotene, blowball, caffeic acid, cankerwort, clock flower, common dandelion, Cichoroideae (sub-family), Compositae (family), dandelion herb, dandelion T-1 extract, dent de lion, diente de lion, dudhal, dumble-dor, epoxide, esculetin, fairy clock, fortune teller, hokouei-kon, huang hua di ding (yellow flower earth nail), irish daisy, Lactuceae (tribe), Leontodon taraxacum, lion’s teeth, lion’s tooth, Lowenzahn (German), Lowenzahnwurzel (German), lutein, luteolin, maelkebotte, milk gowan, min-deul-rre, mok’s head, mongoloid dandelion, pee in the bed, pissenlit, piss-in-bed, potassium, pries’ crown, priest’s crown, puffball, pu gong ying, pu kung ying, quercetin, Radix taraxaci, stigmasterol, swine snout, taraxaci herba, taraxacum, Taraxacum mongolicum, Taraxacum officinale, Taraxacum palustre, Taraxacum vulgare, taraxasteryl acetate, telltime, vitamin A, white endive, wild endive, witch gowan, witches’ milk, yellow flower earth nail.

Mechanism of Action

Pharmacology:

Constituents: Dandelion has been used for diuretic, choleretic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, anti-carcinogenic, analgesic, anti-hyperglycemic, anti-coagulatory and prebiotic effects.1

One study has found that constituents of Taraxacum mongolicum include artemetin, quercetin, luteolin, luteolin-7-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, caffeic acid, esculetin, stigmasterol, and taraxasteryl acetate.20

The petals of Taraxacum officinale F. Weber ex Wiggers contain lutein epoxide.21

Potassium is present in the leaves at a concentration of 297mg per 100g.22

Dandelion leaves are a source of vitamin A (1,400 units per 100g), as well as lutein and beta-carotene. Dandelion is also a source of fiber, potassium, iron, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, thiamine and riboflavin. Dandelion also contains sodium, vitamin C and vitamin D in lesser concentrations.

Antifungal effects: In a laboratory test using clinical oral Candida isolated from head and neck cancer patients, dandelion did not exhibit significant antifungal activity.2

Anti-inflammatory effects: Dandelion’s therapeutic effects have historically been attributed to the bitter constituents found in roots and leaves.23 Research in laboratory animals suggests that dandelion root may possess anti-inflammatory properties.6 Sesquiterpenes lactones are responsible for diuretic effects and may contribute to dandelion’s mild anti-inflammatory activity.6

Antineoplastic effects: Several laboratory studies report antineoplastic properties of dandelion and other species of Taraxacum.7,8,9,10,11,14

Antioxidant effects: Several laboratory studies report antioxidant properties of dandelion flower extract.15,16,17,18,19

Diuretic effects: Sesquiterpenes lactones are responsible for diuretic effects and may contribute to dandelion’s mild anti-inflammatory activity.6

Endocrine effects: In healthy premenopausal women, a combination botanical supplement (Curcuma longa, Cynara scolymus, Rosmarinus officinalis, Schisandra chinensis, Silybum marinum, and Taraxacum officinalis) decreased dehydroepiandrosterone (-13.2%; p=0.02), dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (-14.6%; p=0.07), androstenedione (-8.6%; p=0.05), and estrone-sulfate (-12.0%; p=0.08).13 In a mouse study, Dandelion T-1 extract up-regulated estrogen receptors (alpha and beta), progesterone receptor, and follicle-stimulating hormone receptor expression.4

Gastrointestinal effects: Dandelion is suggested to increase in bile production and flow to the gall bladder (choleretic), and exert a direct effect on the gallbladder causing contraction and release of stored bile (cholagogue).3 Dandelion leaves also contain appetite-stimulating substances, eudesmanolides, previously known as taraxacum. Lactones may increase gastric acid secretion.

Hepatic effects: Activity of hepatic enzyme CYP1A2 in the liver microsomes of rats receiving dandelion in a green tea extract solution was decreased to 15% of a control group (which received water).12 In the same study, CYP2E activity was decreased to 48% of the control group. Following the ingestion of dandelion in a green tea extract solution, detoxifying enzyme UDP-glucoronosyl transferase activity increased to 244% of the control group enzyme activity.12

Hypoglycemic effects: Inulin, a constituent in dandelion, may act to buffer blood glucose levels and has experimental hypoglycemic activity in animals.5

 Pharmacodynamics/Kinetics: Effects on phase 1 metabolism: Activity of hepatic enzyme CYP1A2 in the liver microsomes of rats receiving dandelion in a green tea extract solution was decreased to 15% of a control group (which received water).12 In the same study, CYP2E activity was decreased to 48% of the control group.

Effects on phase 2 metabolism: Following the ingestion of dandelion in a green tea extract solution, detoxifying enzyme UDP-glucoronosyl transferase activity increased to 244% of the control group enzyme activity.12

References

Schutz, K., Carle, R., and Schieber, A. Taraxacum–a review on its phytochemical and pharmacological profile. J Ethnopharmacol 10-11-2006;107(3):313-323. 16950583

Zhao, M., Zhou, Z. T., and Zhang, W. D. [Antifugal susceptibility testing and antifugal traditional Chinese medicines screening of oral Candida isolated from head and neck cancer patients treated with radiotherapy or chemotherapy]. Hua Xi Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi 2006;24(2):131-134. 16704090

Bohm K. Studies on the choleretic action of some drugs. Azneim-Forsh 1959;9:376-378.

Zhi, X., Honda, K., Ozaki, K., Misugi, T., Sumi, T., and Ishiko, O. Dandelion T-1 extract up-regulates reproductive hormone receptor expression in mice. Int J Mol Med 2007;20(3):287-292. 17671731

Rutherford, P. P. and Deacon, A. C. The mode of action of dandelion root -fructofuranosidases on inulin. Biochem J 1972;129(2):511-512. 4643338

Mascolo N, Autore G, Capasso F, and et al. Biological screening of Italian medicinal plants for anti-inflammatory activity. Phytotherapy Res 1987;1(1):28-31.

Baba, K., Abe, S., and Mizuno, D. [Antitumor activity of hot water extract of dandelion, Taraxacum officinale-correlation between antitumor activity and timing of administration (author’s transl)]. Yakugaku Zasshi 1981;101(6):538-543. 7310635

Hata, K., Ishikawa, K., Hori, K., and Konishi, T. Differentiation-inducing activity of lupeol, a lupane-type triterpene from Chinese dandelion root (Hokouei-kon), on a mouse melanoma cell line. Biol Pharm Bull 2000;23(8):962-967. 10963304

Choi, J. H., Shin, K. M., Kim, N. Y., Hong, J. P., Lee, Y. S., Kim, H. J., Park, H. J., and Lee, K. T. Taraxinic acid, a hydrolysate of sesquiterpene lactone glycoside from the Taraxacum coreanum NAKAI, induces the differentiation of human acute promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2002;25(11):1446-1450. 12419957

Koo, H. N., Hong, S. H., Song, B. K., Kim, C. H., Yoo, Y. H., and Kim, H. M. Taraxacum officinale induces cytotoxicity through TNF-alpha and IL-1alpha secretion in Hep G2 cells. Life Sci 1-16-2004;74(9):1149-1157. 14687655

Takasaki, M., Konoshima, T., Tokuda, H., Masuda, K., Arai, Y., Shiojima, K., and Ageta, H. Anti-carcinogenic activity of Taraxacum plant. II. Biol Pharm Bull 1999;22(6):606-610. 10408235

Maliakal, P. P. and Wanwimolruk, S. Effect of herbal teas on hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes in rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 2001;53(10):1323-1329. 11697539

Greenlee, H., Atkinson, C., Stanczyk, F. Z., and Lampe, J. W. A pilot and feasibility study on the effects of naturopathic botanical and dietary interventions on sex steroid hormone metabolism in premenopausal women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(8):1601-1609. 17684134

Takasaki, M., Konoshima, T., Tokuda, H., Masuda, K., Arai, Y., Shiojima, K., and Ageta, H. Anti-carcinogenic activity of Taraxacum plant. I. Biol Pharm Bull 1999;22(6):602-605. 10408234

Hu, C. and Kitts, D. D. Antioxidant, prooxidant, and cytotoxic activities of solvent-fractionated dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) flower extracts in vitro. J Agric Food Chem 1-1-2003;51(1):301-310. 12502425

Hagymasi, K., Blazovics, A., Feher, J., Lugasi, A., Kristo, S. T., and Kery, A. The in vitro effect of dandelions antioxidants on microsomal lipid peroxidation. Phytother Res 2000;14(1):43-44. 10641047

Kim, H. M., Oh, C. H., and Chung, C. K. Activation of inducible nitric oxide synthase by Taraxacum officinale in mouse peritoneal macrophages. Gen Pharmacol 1999;32(6):683-688. 10401993

Kim, H. M., Lee, E. H., Shin, T. Y., Lee, K. N., and Lee, J. S. Taraxacum officinale restores inhibition of nitric oxide production by cadmium in mouse peritoneal macrophages. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 1998;20(2):283-297. 9653673

Hudec, J., Burdova, M., Kobida, L., Komora, L., Macho, V., Kogan, G., Turianica, I., Kochanova, R., Lozek, O., Haban, M., and Chlebo, P. Antioxidant capacity changes and phenolic profile of Echinacea purpurea, nettle (Urtica dioica L.), and dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) after application of polyamine and phenolic biosynthesis regulators. J Agric Food Chem 7-11-2007;55(14):5689-5696. 17579437

Yao, W., Lin, W. Y., Zhou, C. X., and Zhao, Y. [Studies on constitutes from Taraxacum mongolicum]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2007;32(10):926-929. 17655148

Melendez-Martinez, A. J., Britton, G., Vicario, I. M., and Heredia, F. J. HPLC analysis of geometrical isomers of lutein epoxide isolated from dandelion (Taraxacum officinale F. Weber ex Wiggers). Phytochemistry 2006;67(8):771-777. 16563446

Hook I, McGee A, Henman M, and et al. Evaluation of dandelion for diuretic activity and variation in potassium content. Int J Pharmacog 1993;31(1):29-34.

Kuusi T, Pyylaso H, and Autio K. The bitterness properties of dandelion. II. Chemical investigations. Lebensm-Wiss Technol 1985;18:347-349.

Izvor: www.sigma-aldrich.com

German Commission E Monographs (Phytotherapy)

Dandelion root with herb

Latin Name: Taraxacum officinale
Pharmacopeial Name: Taraxaci radix cum herba
Other Names: common dandelion, lion’s tooth

Overview Dandelion is a perennial herb native throughout the northern hemisphere with many varieties and microspecies, found growing wild in meadows, pastures and waste ground in temperate zones (Grieve, 1979; Leung and Foster, 1996;Wichtl and Bisset, 1994).The material of commerce comes from both wild and cultivated plants, mainly from Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, the former Yugoslavia, and the United Kingdom (BHP,1996;Wichtl and Bisset, 1994).The material used in Indian Ayurvedic and Unani medicines grows in the temperate Himalayas from five to twelve thousand feet and in Tibet, though it is also imported (Kapoor, 1990; Karnick, 1994; Nadkarni, 1976).

Dandelion has a long history of traditional use in many systems of medicine in the treatment of hepatobiliary problems. The root is traditionally used to treat liver and spleen ailments (Bradley, 1992; Leung and Foster, 1996). The genus name Taraxacum is derived from the Greek taraxos (disorder), and akos (remedy). The name dandelion is derived from its original Greek genus name leontodon, meaning lion’s teeth. Its use in traditional Arabian medicine is first mentioned in the tenth century C.E. (Grieve, 1979). Dandelion root was formerly official in the United States National Formulary (Leung and Foster, 1996). It is official in the national pharmacopeias of Austria and the Czech Republic, and also in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia, the British Herbal Pharmacopoeia, the British Herbal Compendium, the German Pharmacopoeial Codex, the German Standard License, and the Commission E (BAnz, 1998; BHP, 1996; Bradley, 1992; Braun, 1991; DAC, 1986; Karnick, 1994; Meyer-Buchtela, 1999; Newall et al., 1996; ÖAB, 1981; Wichtl and Bisset, 1994). ESCOP has also published monographs on the leaf and root (ESCOP, 1997).

Its uses in North American aboriginal medicines are well documented. The Iroquois people prepared infusions and decoctions of the root and herb to treat kidney disease, dropsy, and dermatological problems (Herrick, 1977). The Ojibwe people of Wisconsin prepared an infusion of the root to treat heartburn (Smith, 1932). The Rappahannock people of the eastern United States prepared an infusion of the root as a blood tonic and to treat dyspepsia (Speck et al., 1942). The Bella Coola people of British Columbia prepared a decoction of the roots as an analgesic and to treat stomach pain (Smith, 1929).

In Germany, dandelion root with herb is licensed as a standard medicinal tea to treat biliary disorders, digestive and gastrointestinal complaints, and to stimulate diuresis. Dandelion herb and dandelion root with herb are also approved in the Commission E monographs.Dosage forms, including aqueous decoction and infusion, expressed juice of fresh plant,and hydroalcoholic tincture are used as monopreparations and integral components of about fifty prepared cholagogue, biliary, gastrointestinal, and urological remedies(BAnz, 1998; Bradley, 1992; Braun, 1991; Meyer-Buchtela, 1999; Schilcher, 1997; Wichtl and Bisset, 1994). In the United States,dandelion root and leaf preparations are used as choleretic, diuretic, and tonic components in a wide range of compound dietary supplement and health food products.

The approved modern therapeutic applications for dandelion are supportable based on its long history of use in well established systems of traditional medicine, phytochemical investigations, and pharmacological studies in animals. For a comprehensive review, see Hobbs (1985).

Pharmacopeial grade dandelion leaf must be composed of the dried leaves collected before flowering. It must contain not less than 20% water-soluble extractive, among other quantitative standardsBotanical identity must be confirmed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) as well as by macroscopic and microscopic examinations (BHP, 1996; Wichtl and Bisset, 1994).The ESCOP monograph requires the material to comply with the British Herbal Pharmacopoeia (ESCOP,1997).

Pharmacopeial grade dandelion root must be composed of the dried root and rhizome collected in the autumn when its inulin content is the highestHistochemical detection of inulin is carried out. The root must contain not less than 40% water-soluble extractive with reference to the oven-dried material, among other quantitative standardsBotanical identity must be confirmed by TLC as well as by macroscopic and microscopic examinations (BHP,1996; DAC, 1986; Karnick, 1994; Wichtl and Bisset, 1994).The Austrian Pharmacopoeia additionally requires a bitterness value of not less than 100 (ÖAB, 1981; Wichtl and Bisset, 1994).The ESCOP monograph requires the material to comply with both the Austrian Pharmacopoeia and the British Herbal Pharmacopoeia (ESCOP,1997).

Description Dandelion root with herb consists of the entire plant Taraxacum officinale G. H. Weber ex Wiggers s.l. [Fam. Asteraceae], gathered while flowering, and its preparations in effective dosage. Ingredients include the bitter principles lactucopicrin (taraxacin), triterpenoids, and phytosterol.

Chemistry and Pharmacology Dandelion root contains sesquiterpene lactones (eudesmanolides and germacranolides); triterpenes (b-amyrin, taraxol, and taraxerol); carbohydrates (inulin 2% in spring and up to 40% in autumn); carotenoids (lutein); fatty acids (myristic); flavonoids (apigenin and luteolin); minerals (potassium 1.84.5%); phenolic acids (caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid); phytosterols (sitosterol, stigmasterol, and taraxasterol); sugars (fructose approx. 18% in spring); vitamins (vitamin A up to 14,000 iu/100g); choline; mucilage (approx. 1.1%); and pectin (Bradley, 1992; Budavari, 1996; ESCOP, 1997; Leung and Foster, 1996; List and Hrhammer, 1979; Newall et al., 1996; Wichtl and Bisset, 1994).

The Commission E reported choleretic, diuretic, and appetite-stimulating activities. The British Herbal Compendium reported bitter, cholagogue, and mild laxative actions (Bradley, 1992). The British Herbal Pharmacopoeia reports its action as hepatic (BHP, 1996). The root contains sesquiterpene lactones beneficial to the digestion process and with a mild purgative effect (Bradley, 1992). Oral administration of dandelion extracts had a diuretic effect in rats and mice (Newall et al., 1996). Intravenous injection of fresh dandelion root decoction doubled the volume of bile secretion in dogs (ESCOP, 1997). The choleretic effect of dandelion root has been confirmed (Bradley, 1992).

Uses The Commission E approved the internal use of dandelion root with herb for disturbances in bile flow, stimulation of diuresis, loss of appetite, and dyspepsia. The British Herbal Compendium indicates its use for hepato-biliary disorders, dyspepsia, lack of appetite, and rheumatic conditions (Bradley, 1992). ESCOP indicates its use for restoration of hepatic and biliary function, dyspepsia, and loss of appetite (ESCOP, 1997). The German Standard License for dandelion decoction indicates its use for biliary disorders, gastrointestinal complaints such as a feeling of distension and flatulence, digestive complaints, and to stimulate diuresis (Wichtl and Bisset, 1996).

Contraindications Obstruction of bile ducts, gallbladder empyema, ileus. In case of gallstones, use only after consultation with a physician.

Side Effects As with all drugs containing bitter substances, discomfort due to gastric hyperacidity may occur.

Use During Pregnancy and Lactation No restrictions known.

Interactions with Other Drugs None known.

Dosage and Administration Unless otherwise prescribed: 3-4 g of cut or powdered root and herb three times daily.

Decoction: Boil 3-4 g cut or powdered root and herb in 150 ml water.

[Ed. Note: The decoction instructions in the German Standard License monograph are as follows: Boil 1-2 teaspoonfuls (2.4-4.4 g) and strain after 15 minutes, twice daily in the morning and evening.]

Infusion: Steep 1 tablespoon cut root and herb in 150 ml water.

Dry native extract 4:1 (w/w): 0.75-1 g.

Fluidextract 1:1 (g/ml): 3-4 ml.

Tincture: 10-15 drops, three times daily. [Ed. Note: The Commission E-recommended tincture dosage of 10-15 drops, three times daily, does not correlate closely with the Commission E daily dosage of 3-4 g dried root and herb. No justification can be found in the literature for such a low tincture dosage, in drops as opposed to milliliters. Most herbal references recommend 5-10 ml, three times daily, which relates to the Commission E daily dosage of 3-4 g dried root.]

Succus: 5-10 ml pressed sap from fresh plant.

References

BAnz. See Bundesanzeiger.

Bradley, P.R. (ed.). 1992. British Herbal Compendium, Vol. 1. Bournemouth: British Herbal Medicine Association. 7375.

Braun, R. (ed.). 1991. Standardzulassungen für Fertigarzneimittel mit 7. Ergnzung. Stuttgart: Deutscher Apotheker Verlag.

British Herbal Pharmacopoeia (BHP). 1996. Exeter, U.K.: British Herbal Medicine Association.

Budavari, S. (ed.). 1996. The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals, 12th ed. Whitehouse Station, N.J.: Merck & Co, Inc.

Bundesanzeiger (BAnz). 1998. Monographien der Kommission E (Zulassungs- und Aufbereitungskommission am BGA für den humanmed. Bereich, phytotherapeutische Therapierichtung und Stoffgruppe). Köln: Bundesgesundheitsamt (BGA).

Deutscher Arzneimittel-Codex (DAC). 1986. 3rd suppl. Stuttgart: Deutscher Apotheker Verlag.

ESCOP. 1997. ‘Taraxaci herba’ and ‘Taraxaci radix.’ Monographs on the Medicinal Uses of Plant Drugs. Exeter, U.K.: European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy.

Grieve, M. 1979. A Modern Herbal. New York: Dover Publications, Inc.

Herrick, J.W. 1977. Iroquois Medical Botany. Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms International. 476-478.

Hobbs, C. 1985. Dandelion: A Monograph. Portland, OR: Eclectic Medical Publications.

Kapoor, L.D. 1990. Handbook of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants. Boca Raton: CRC Press. 316.

Karnick, C.R. 1994. Pharmacopoeial Standards of Herbal Plants, Vols. 12. Delhi: Sri Satguru Publications. Vol. 1:335-336; Vol. 2:47.

Leung, A.Y. and S. Foster. 1996. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics, 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

List, P.H. and L. Hörhammer (eds.). 1979. Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, Vol. 6. Berlin-Heidelberg: Springer Verlag. 1621.

Meyer-Buchtela, E. 1999. Tee-RezepturenEin Handbuch für Apotheker und Ärzte. Stuttgart: Deutscher Apotheker Verlag.

Nadkarni, K.M. 1976. Indian Materia Medica. Bombay: Popular Prakashan. 786.

Newall, C.A., L.A. Anderson, J.D. Phillipson. 1996. Herbal Medicines: A Guide for Health-Care Professionals. London: The Pharmaceutical Press.

Österreichisches Arzneibuch, Vols. 12, 1st suppl. (AB). 1981-1983. Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Staatsdruckerei.

Schilcher, H. 1997. Phytotherapy in Paediatrics: Handbook for Physicians and Pharmacists. Stuttgart: Medpharm Scientific Publishers. 139, 164-165.

Smith, H.H. 1932. Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians. Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525.

Smith, H.I. 1929. Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neigh Tribes of British Columbia. BC: National Museum of Canada Bulletin. 56:47-68.

Speck, F.G., R.B. Hassrick, E.S. Carpenter. 1942. Rappahannock Herbals, Folk-lore and Science of Cures. Proc Del County Inst Sci 10:755.

Wichtl, M. and N.G. Bisset (eds.). 1994. Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals. Stuttgart: Medpharm Scientific Publishers.

Additional Resources Baba, K., S. Abe, D. Mizuno. 1981. [Antitumor activity of hot water extract of dandelion, Taraxacum officinale—correlation between antitumor activity and timing of administration] [In Japanese]. Yakugaku Zasshi 101(6):538543.

British Pharmaceutical Codex (BPC). 1949. London: The Pharmaceutical Press.

Broda, B. and E. Andrzejewska. 1966. Choline content in some medicinal plants. Farm Polska 22(3):181-184.

Burrows, S. and J.C.E. Simpson. 1938. The Triterpene Group. Part IV. The triterpene alcohols of Taraxacum root. J Chem Soc 2042-2047.

Chabrol, E. et al. 1931. L’action cholrtique des Compose. CR Soc Biol 108:1100-1102.

Czygan, F.C. 1990. Taraxacum officinale Wiggers—Der Löwenzahn. Z Phytother 11:99-102.

Deutsches Arzneibuch, 9th ed. (DAB 9). 1986. Stuttgart: Deutscher Apotheker Verlag.

Faber, K. 1958. Der Löwenzahn—Taraxacum officinale Weber. Pharmazie 13:423-436.

Hänsel, R., M. Kartarahardja, J.T. Huang, F. Bohlmann. 1980. Sesquiterpenlacton-b-D-glucopyranoside sowie ein neues Eudesmanolid aus Taraxacum officinale. Phytochem 19:857-861.

Harnischfeger, G. and H. Stolze. 1983. Bewährte Pflanzendrogen in Wissenschaft und Medizin. Bad Homburg/Melsungen: Notamed Verlag. 242-249.

Hook, I., A. McGee, M. Henman. 1993. Evaluation of Dandelion for diuretic activity and variation in potassium content. Int J Pharmacog 31:29-34.

Kuusi, T., H. Pyysalo, K. Autio. 1985. The bitterness properties of dandelion II. Chemical investigations. Lebensm Wiss Technol 18:347-349.

McGuffin, M. (ed.). 1998. Herbs of Commerce, 2nd ed. [Draft 3.3]. Bethesda: American Herbal Products Association.

Nadkarni, K.M. 1993. Indian Materia Medica. Bombay: Popular Prakashan. 1195-1196.

Pirtkien, R., E. Surke, G. Seybold. 1960. Comparative studies on the choleretic action of various drugs in the rat. Med Welt 1417-1422.

Popov, A.I. and K.G. Gromov. 1993. Mineral components of dandelion leaves. Vopr Pitan (3):57-58.

Rácz-Kotilla, E., G. Rcz, A. Solomon. 1974. The action of Taraxacum officinale extracts on the body weight and diuresis of laboratory animals. Planta Med 26(3):212-217.

Rácz-Kotilla, E., J. Bodon, Tlgyesi. 1978. Determination of the mineral content of 41 medicinal plant species by chemotaxonomical and biochemical observations. Herba Hung 17:43-54.

Reynolds, J.E.F. (ed.). 1993. Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed. London: The Pharmaceutical Press.

Rudenskaya, G.N. et al. 1998. Taraxalisina serine proteinase from dandelion Taraxacum officinale Webb. s.l. FEBS Lett 437(3):237-240.

Rutherford, P.P. and A.C. Deacon. 1972. Fructofuranosidases from roots of dandelion (Taraxacum officinale Weber). Biochem J 126(3):569573.

—. 1972. The mode of action of dandelion root-fructofuranosidases on inulin. Biochem J 129(2):511-512.

Smith, G.W. 1973. Arctic Pharmacognosia. Arctic 26:324-333.

Vogel, H.H. and R. Schaette. 1977. Phytotherapeutische Reflexionen. Betrachtungen ber Silybum marianum (Carduus marianus), Taraxacum officinale, Cichorium intybus, Bryonia alba et dioica, Viscum album und ihre Beziehungen zur Leber. Erfahrungsheilkunde 26:347-355.

Weiss, R.F. 1991. Lehrbuch der Phytotherapie, 7th ed. Stuttgart: Hippokrates Verlag. 162-163.

Williams, C.A., F. Goldstone, J. Greenham. 1996. Flavonoids, cinnamic acids and coumarins from the different tissues and medicinal preparations of Taraxacum officinale. Phytochemistry 42(1):121-127.

This material was adapted from The Complete German Commission E MonographsTherapeutic Guide to Herbal Medicines. M. Blumenthal, W.R. Busse, A. Goldberg, J. Gruenwald, T. Hall, C.W. Riggins, R.S. Rister (eds.) S. Klein and R.S. Rister (trans.). 1998. Austin: American Botanical Council; Boston: Integrative Medicine Communications.

1) The Overview section is new information.

2) Description, Chemistry and Pharmacology, Uses, Contraindications, Side Effects, Interactions with Other Drugs, and Dosage sections have been drawn from the original work. Additional information has been added in some or all of these sections, as noted with references.

3) The dosage for equivalent preparations (tea infusion, fluidextract, and tincture) have been provided based on the following example:

  • Unless otherwise prescribed: 2 g per day of [powdered, crushed, cut or whole] [plant part]
  • Infusion: 2 g in 150 ml of water
  • Fluidextract 1:1 (g/ml): 2 ml
  • Tincture 1:5 (g/ml): 10 ml

4) The References and Additional Resources sections are new sections. Additional Resources are not cited in the monograph but are included for research purposes.

This monograph, published by the Commission E in 1994, was modified based on new scientific research. It contains more extensive pharmacological and therapeutic information taken directly from the Commission E.

Excerpt from Herbal Medicine: Expanded Commission E Monographs
Copyright 2000 American Botanical Council
Published by Integrative Medicine Communications
Available from the American Botanical Council.
or A.D.A.M. at adamcorp.com












Pakovanje mL/ g:
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Količina:
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