Preparati

Superiorniji od digitalisa bez ikakvih neželjenih dejstava.

Po definiciji, matična tinktura gloga je mešavina podjednakih delova tinkture gloga od ploda i tinkture gloga od cveta sa luistom. 

Dostupne su tinkture:

– tinktura glog plod,

– tinktura glog cvet sa listom,

– matična tinktura gloga (mešavina u podjednakom zapreminskom odnosu tinktura od ploda i cveta sa listom).

Glog važi za jednu od najvrednijih i najdelotvornijih biljaka za srce jer jača i reguliše rad srca. Daje se kod slabosti miokarda (srčanog mišića), kod osećaja pritiska i stezanja oko srca, ubrzanog rada srca (tahikardije) i povišenog krvnog pritiska. Glog deluje i smirujuće pa se savetuje kod nervoze i lošeg sna. Koristi se kod blagih stenokardičnih i bradikardičnih tegoba, kakve su najčešće u menopauzi. Glog se koristi i kao homeopatski preparat pod imenom crataegus.

BILJNI PREPARATI BELOG GLOGA:

TINKTURA – BELI GLOG HSS I

MATIČNA TINKTURA, HIDROETANOLNI TEČNI EKSTRAKT – BELI GLOG TM

Crataegi tinctura 1:5,

Crataegi sumitus recentis extractum ethanolicum liquidum 1:2,

Crataegi fructus recentis extractum ethanolicum liquidum 1:1.

ATC:

C01EB04 – drugi srčani preparati, glikozidi gloga,

 – diuretik, kardiotonik.

MeSH Unique ID: C007145 Crataegus 

antiplatelet, imunološki adjuvans.

U skladu sa:

Based on Article 10a of Directive 2001/83/EC as amended (well-established use),

Based on Article 16d(1), Article 16f and Article 16h of Directive 2001/83/EC as amended (traditional use), DIRECTIVE 2004/24/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 31 March 2004.

Eu. Ph. 8 01.07. 2015.  monografijom: 1220 Crataegi fructus, 1432 Crataegi folium cum flore,

1864 Crataegi folii cum flore extractum fluidum quantificatum

European Medicines Agency EMEA/ HMPC 05.04.2016. Doc. Ref. EMEA/HMPC/159075/2014: European Union herbal monograph on Crataegus spp., folium cum flore

European Medicines Agency EMEA/ HMPC 05.04.2016. Doc. Ref. EMEA/HMPC/159076/2014: Assessment report on Crataegus spp., folium cum flore

Fr. Ph. 2005 ANSM: Crataegus monogyna et Crataegus laevigata ad praeparationes homoeopathicas (AUBÉPINE POUR PRÉPARATIONS HOMÉOPATHIQUES)

Biljni preparati u tečnom obliku (nerazblaženi ili razblaženi) za oralnu i lokalnu upotrebu.

a) Crataegus monogyna L., folium cum flores/ summitus (Hawthorn fresh flower and leaf/ blooming heads at flowering),

b) Crataegus monogyna L., pseudo- fructus (Hawthorn fresh berry).

Sastav:

a) tečni ekstrat (DER 1:2), ekstrakcioni rastvarač etanol 65% (v/v),

b) tečni ekstrat (DER 1:1), ekstrakcioni rastvarač etanol 51% (v/v).

Crataegus monogyna L., sadrži 107 *(153) hemijskih jedinjenja koja ispoljavaju 362 *(422) istraženih dejstava *(podaci ažurirani avgusta 2016.).

Sadržaj:

a) minimalno 0,10% m/m ukupnih flavonoida, izraženih kao hiperozid (MF: C₂₁H₂₀O₁₂, MW: 464,376300 g/mol⁻¹),

b) minimalno 0,05% m/m ukupnih procijanidina, izraženih kao cijanidin hlorid (MF: C₁₅H₁₁ClO₆, MW: 322,69724 g/mol⁻¹),

c) u većoj koncentraciji sadrži flavonoide, Isoschaftoside, glukozide (schaftoside, ..), …

d) više od svih biljaka sadrži Pycnogenol, rhamnoside (Kaempferol, Neoschaftoside, vitexin, …), OPC (Oligomeric proanthocyanidins), Sexangularetin, Vicenin ,…

Indikacije: Biljni preparati su namenjeni poboljšanju opšteg stanja organizma kroz razna naučno dokazana dejstva.

Upotreba kod kardiovaskularnih tegoba (slabe koronarne cirkulacije, koronarne insuficijencije, hipotenzije i arterioskleroze).

.

Dr. Džems Djuk (Dr. James Duke) u Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, 2nd Ed. (2002). CRC Press, navodi sledeće:

– ima jako dejstvo kod: slabe koronarne cirkulacije, angine pektoris (ICD-10 I20), ateroskleroze, aritmije, kardiopatije, kardiovaskularne insuficijencije, visokog krvnog pritiska (HTA), …

– delotvoran kod: hipotenzije i hipertenzije, arterioskleroze, ishemijske bolesti srca, visokog holesterola, spazma mišića, aritmije, angine pektoris, anksioznosti, cirkulatornih problema, … alchajmera, anemije, artroza, bradikardije, Ca, slabosti kapilara, Cor  pulmonale, dispneje, edema, visokog holesterola, hiperaktivnosti, inflamacija, insomnije, ishemije, nervne napetosti, palpitacije, stresa, otoka, zastoja tečnosti, zamora, …

– u narodnoj medicini kod: Morbus Buerger, hronične venske insuficijencije (CVI), hidropsije, hipertrofije, niskog krvnog pritiska,  miokarditisa,nefritisa, upale grla, tahikardije, valvularne insuficijencije, …

– spoljašnja primena kod: seboreje, gingivitisa, eritema, kod akni, dermatitisa, …

– upotrebljava se kao: jak antiaritmik, kardiotonik, negativni batmotropik, pozitivni hronotropik, dromotropik i inotropik, …antiagregant, antianginal, antiaterosklerotik, antiedemik, antiinflamatik, antioksidant, antisklerotik, adstringent, inhibitor cAMP-fosfodiesteraze, kardioprotektor, CNS depresor, hepatoprotektor, hipoholesterolemik, hipoglikemik, hipotenziv, hipotrigliceridemik, negativni hronotropik, miokardioprotektor, pankreaprotektor, inhibitor fosfodiesteraze, sedativ, vazodilator, antihipertenziv i antihipotenziv, koronarni vazodilatator,cijanogenetik, … antiseboroik, biter, depurativ, digestiv, hipertenziv, stomahik, tonik, …

Monografija nemačke E komisije (Commission E Monographs), terapijski vodič za biljne lekove, preporučuje Crataegi fructus za slabu koronarnu cirkulaciju, koronarnu insuficijenciju, hipotenziju i arteriosklerozu.

Doziranje i način primene:

2 mL (80 kapi) podeljeno u 2 do 4 doze.

Biljni preparat BELI GLOG HSS i TM:

pojedinačna doza: 0,5-1 mL, preporučena dnevna doza (PDD): 2 mL.

Oralna (sat vremena pre obroka) i lokalna primena.

Upotreba na koži: aplicirati na obolelo mesto u tankom sloju ili obliku impregniranog zavoja.

Napraviti pauzu posle 4 nedelje neprekidne upotrebe.

Po preporukama, preparat postiže najbolje efekte pri upotrebi od 8 do 12 nedelja, duža upotreba je bezbedna uz pauze.

Kontraindikacije: preosetljivost na aktivne supstance, aktivni giht, preosetljivost na biljke porodice (genus Crataegus, family Rosaceae).

Interakcije: ne koristiti ga sa preparatima rastavića (Equisetum arvense).

Napomena: ukoliko koristite preparate gloga, obavezno prijavite lekaru. Potrebno je tri dana pre snimanja EKG-a prestati sa upotrebom preparata gloga.

Čuvanje: na tamnom, suvom i hladnom mestu do 20˚C, van domašaja dece i izlaganja EM zračenju,  u dobro zatvorenoj originalnoj ambalaži. 

Rok upotrebe: 5 godina, posle prvog otvaranja 6 meseci. 

Pakovanje: 50 mL i 100 mL, standardne farmaceutske braon bočice; 250 mL, 500 mL, 1L i 5 L na zahtev.

Nutritivne informacije, BELI GLOG HSS i TM:

a) energetska vrednost u 100 mL: 1504 kJ/ 360 kcal,

u preporučenoj dnevnoj dozi (PDD) 2 mL: 30kJ/ 7,17 kcal,

suve materije (DR) više od 6,0% (HAB 2011).

b) energetska vrednost u 100 mL: 1172 kJ/ 280kcal,

u preporučenoj dnevnoj dozi (PDD) 2 mL: 23,45kJ/ 5,6kcal;

suve materije (DR) više od 1,5% (Fr. Ph.).

Bez konzervanasa, proteina, masti i ugljenih hidrata. BELI GLOG HSS i TM su rukom rađeni proizvodi. 

CENOVNIK

TINKTURA, BELI GLOG HSS, hidroetanolni tečni ekstrakt od sušenih delova biljke DER 1:5 (Ph.Eur.), nema na stanju, 

50 mL – 500,00 RSD;  100 mL – 1000,00 RSD ;

MATIČNA TINKTURA, BELI GLOG TM, hidroetanolni tečni ekstrakt od svežih delova biljke DER 1:1, DER 1:2 (Ph.Fr.),

50 mL – 600,00 RSD (5e);  100 mL – 1200,00 RSD (10e).

Podaci ažurirani oktobra 2020.

Poželjno pogledati i ostale informacije na: http://www.biljni-preparati.com/preparati/beli-glog/

Crataegus monogyna (Rosaceae)
Common name(s) Hawthorn; English Hawthorn

Activities: 422  Chemicals w/Activities: 73  All Chemicals: 153

Activity (redosled po količini bioaktivnih jedinjenja)

Antioxidant
Cancer-Preventive, antiinflammatory, pesticide, antiviral, antibacterial, antihistaminic, aldose-reductase-inhibitor, antiHIV, hepatoprotective, antitumor, antimutagenic, diuretic, hypotensive, vasodilator, antiradicular, Xanthine-oxidase-inhibitor, antiperoxidant, lipoxygenase-inhibitor, antiaggregant, antileukemic, antiedemic, antiallergic, cytotoxic, ACE-Inhibitor, COX-2-Inhibitor, antiproliferant, antispasmodic, antiherpetic, anticancer, antidiabetic, analgesic, antihepatotoxic, antitumor-promoter, antidermatitic, antiulcer, choleretic, antitumor (lung), antinociceptive, sunscreen, hypoglycemic, antinociceptive, cyclooxygenase-inhibitor, apoptotic, antitumor (colon), cardiotonic, hyaluronidase-inhibitor, antitumor (skin), antiatherosclerotic, antileukotriene, Topoisomerase-II-inhibitor, antiaging, aromatase-Inhibitor, TNF-alpha-inhibitor, beta-glucuronidase-inhibitor, antifeedant, immunostimulant, antiseptic, …

Chemical (SPISAK PO SADRŽAJU BIOAKTIVNIH JEDINJENJA)

PYCNOGENOL, OPC, HYPEROSIDE, KAEMPFEROL=3=NEOHESPERIDOSIDE, QUERCETIN, SCHAFTOSIDE, VICENIN-2, NEOSCHAFTOSIDE, PROCYANIDIN-B-1, VITEXIN, LUTEOLIN, (+)-CATECHIN, APIGENIN, PROANTHOCYANIDINS, CAFFEIC-ACID, RUTIN, AESCULIN, KAEMPFEROL, ADENINE,TYRAMINE, ORIENTIN, URSOLIC-ACID, HYPEROSIDE, ACETYL-CHOLINE, QUERCETIN, TRIMETHYLAMINE, GUANINE, TRIACONTAN-1-OL, PROCYANIDIN-B-4, SPIRAEOSIDE, OLEANOLIC-ACID, (-)-EPICATECHIN, SPIRAEOSIDE, SAPONINS, ADENINE, TYRAMINE,

TINKTURA OD GLOGA

Tinktura gloga 1:5 – Florida herbal pharmacy

CERES Crataegus Urtinktur 20 ml Tropfen von CERES

Hawthorn Berry Tinctures-Liquid Herbal Extracts & Benefits

Hawthorn Berry has been used in Greek culture for thousands of years to treat a variety of health issues. It was used to treat such conditions as diarrhea, female problems, and to heal wounds by Native Americans. It is a trusted cardiac tonic that has been used to lower blood pressure, reduce cholesterol and significantly enhance blood circulation to the heart and brain. It has also been used to strengthen the heart, in conditions such as angina, myocarditis (inflamed heart), and arrhythmia (irregular heartbeat). Crataegus monogyna (Rosaceae) berry contains antioxidants that destroy free radicals in the body, which helps your system fight disease and the effects of aging. It has to have astringent properties that are helpful in treating seborrhea, dermatitis, and acne and is even thought to have some anti-aging properties, as it helps to increase blood flow to the skin. The flavonoids in this herbal supplement are beneficial for many health conditions and are believed to be beneficial in arteriosclerosis, allergies, asthma, and sinusitis. The Hawthorn herb is also a diuretic and can aid digestive problems such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), dysentery, and it eases some symptoms of Crohn’s disease when used regularly. It also has been used to aid in resisting fluid retention in the body and to facilitate easy passage of kidney stones by helping to dissolve them. Menopausal women benefit particularly from Crataegus monogyna (Rosaceae) Berries as they control palpitations and reduce the occurrences of night sweats. Its sedative properties are deployed for inducing sleep in those who are suffering from insomnia. Incidences of confusion can be controlled with the help of this liquid herbal extract.
Crataegus monogyna (Rosaceae) berry is widely regarded in Europe as a safe and effective herbal supplement in the early stages of heart disease and is endorsed by Commission E that studies and approves this herbal remedy. Used to promote the health of the circulatory system, it has been studied for treating angina, congestive heart failure, valve prolapse, myocarditis, arteriosclerosis and cardiac arrhythmia. The bioflavonoids found in Hawthorn interact with key enzymes in the heart to increase the pumping force of the heart muscle and may help to eliminate arrhythmia. It is believed to be especially effective in the beginning stages of heart disease, as well as speeding up the recovery time after a heart attack. The effects of Hawthorn Berry tincture is not immediate and can take up to 6 weeks to show any signs of improvement. A study in 2009 listed Crataegus monogyna (Rosaceae) berry extracts as an herbal remedy that worked as well as a leading high cholesterol medication.
Another benefit of Crataegus monogyna (Rosaceae) berry is that it harbors potent antioxidant properties, which are believed to exert cholesterol lowering effects and reduce the accumulation of fatty plaque in the arteries, thus improving blood flow to the heart. It appears to increase the liver’s conversion of LDLs (bad cholesterol) into HDL (good cholesterol) that do not clog arteries, which helps to stop plaque formation. Crataegus monogyna (Rosaceae) tincture has been used for the treatment of spasms of the arteries (as with Reynaud’s disease).
Studies suggest that Crataegus monogyna (Rosaceae) berry can be taken safely by people with hypertension who are also taking blood pressure medications. This herbal supplement is believed to reduce high blood pressure caused by hardening of the arteries and kidney disease. It has been shown to have the ability to both lower high blood pressure and to bring low blood pressure back to normal. Although it doesn’t cure it, it may help to reduce the symptoms enough to stop the feeling of fainting when going from a seated to a standing position, sometimes associated with the condition.
Crataegus monogyna (Rosaceae) berry’s high vitamin C content helps to strengthen tiny capillaries in the brain, opening them and resulting in more nutrients and oxygen reaching the brain. And in combination with Ginkgo, Hawthorn stimulates blood circulation to the brain, and herbalists have long used it to treat age-related forms of memory problems. It has also been used to improve capillary health and is known to relieve conditions such as bloodshot eyes and glaucoma.

Some research has claimed that this herb may be effective against certain serious diseases. Its rutin content is a bioflavonoid that appears to accelerate the death of leukemia cells and Burkitt’s lymphoma and may also deactivate plasmin, a chemical that allows cancerous growths to spread throughout the body. The proanthocyanidins in the Berry „possess a higher degree of polymerization, a characteristic that reportedly increases antioxidant activity.“ Hawthorn is believed to be a powerful antioxidant, which can help to destroy free radicals in the body. Free radicals are naturally occurring molecules which cannot be avoided; however, their presence is increased by environmental pollutants such as cigarette smoke, air pollution, ultraviolet light, radiation and even some medications. Free radicals enter the body, destroy healthy cells and damage genetic material, increasing the likelihood of cancer and speeding the natural aging process.
Crataegus monogyna (Rosaceae) berry may be of great help for arthritis and osteoporosis. Crataegus monogyna (Rosaceae) is said to stabilize the collagen in the bone itself, thereby helping to counter osteoporosis. The berries have a chemical action that may help tone down inflammation. And while helping to protect collagen, it may slow down the progression of a chronic inflammatory disease.
ADD (Attention Deficit Disorder) may be helped by the use of Hawthorn extract. By increasing blood circulation to the brain and stopping inflammatory responses caused by allergies, the herb is believed to have a sedative effect on the central nervous system. People who suffer from anxiety, strain, pressure, and tension may benefit from Hawthorn extract, because of its mild sedative properties. The sedative effect has also been shown to be helpful for insomnia and nervous disorders.
Crataegus monogyna (Rosaceae) berry supplement has been used as a digestive aid, to relieve abdominal distention and treat dyspepsia, food stagnation, abdominal tumors, diarrhea and as an herbal remedy for dropsy.
Hawthorn has been used to stimulate the thyroid, which can lead to a faster metabolism as a secondary reaction. Hawthorn also reduces water retention and increases energy levels, allowing you to exercise more intensely and for longer periods of time.
The Crataegus monogyna (Rosaceae) berry herb has also been used to help with skin disorders such as acne and dermatitis. And its anti-aging properties are thought increase blood flow to the skin, giving it a natural glow.
Therapeutic actions: Antispasmodic; Astringent; Cardiotonic; Diuretic; Hypotensive; Sedative; Tonic; Vasodilator.
Nutrients: Amino acids, calcium, choline, chromium, essential fatty acids, iron, magnesium, manganese, phosphorus, potassium, selenium, silicon, zinc, vitamins A, B1, B2, B3 and C. Drug interactions: Check with physician if on Digoxin.

Ingredients: Hawthorn Berry, Structured Water, 96% Alcohol.

Non-Alcohol: Hawthorn Berry, Structured Water, Vegetable Glycerin.

All of our ingredients are Certified Organic, Kosher, or Responsibly Wildcrafted. No genetically modified organisms (GMO’s) are involved. All other products that are distributed by us meet our high-quality standards.

Instructions: Use 10-20 drops in juice, water, under the tongue or as desired. May be taken 2-4 times daily. Shake well. Store in cool dark place. Keep out of reach of children.

Contraindications: Large amounts (more than the recommended dosage) of Hawthorne Berry may result in sedation or dramatic drop in blood pressure. Signs of overdose include hypotension and arrhythmias. Using Hawthorn may potentiate the effects of some pharmaceutical heart medications – consult with your physician before using this product, as the medication dosage may need to be lowered. Taking Hawthorn and medicines used to treat or prevent blood clots together may cause your blood to be too thin, making you bleed or bruise more easily. Use with caution in cases of colitis and ulcers. Although it is believed to be one of the safest herbal medicines, there are a few other known side effects, although rare. These include nausea, diarrhea, fatigue, excessive sweating, breathing difficulties, pounding heart, and usage should be stopped immediately and seek medical attention. It may also interact with prescription drugs used for treating male sexual dysfunction. This herbal extract may interact with muscle relaxants, narcotic painkillers, and drugs for anxiety, seizure and psychiatric conditions. Children and pregnant or nursing women should not use Hawthorn Berry unless directed by a physician.

Disclaimer: The information presented herein by Herbal Alchemy is intended for educational purposes only. These statements have not been evaluated by the FDA and are not intended to diagnose, cure, treat or prevent disease. Individual results may vary, and before using any supplements, it is always advisable to consult with your own healthcare provider.

Crataegus monogyna (Rosaceae)

Hawthorn Leaf & Flower (Crataegus monogyna)

Hawthorn Leaf & Flower Tinctures-Liquid Herbal Extracts & Their Benefits

Hawthorn (Crataegus species) has been used to treat heart disease as far back as the 1st century. By the early 1800s, American doctors were using it to treat circulatory disorders and respiratory illnesses. Traditionally, the berries were used to treat heart problems ranging from an irregular heartbeat, high blood pressure, chest pain, hardening of the arteries, and heart failure. Today, the leaves and flowers are used medicinally, and there is some research that suggests that hawthorn might be effective when used in the treatment of mild to moderate heart failure. Hawthorn is a trusted cardiac tonic that is used to reduce cholesterol and significantly enhance blood circulation to the heart and brain. Hawthorn extract is one of few herbs which might enhance ejection fraction, particularly when coupled with CoQ10 and physical exercise. The hawthorn berries can be achieved into an herbal decoction, which may be utilized just as one astringent gargle for sore throats plus an herbal douche for ladies impacted by extreme vaginal discharges. Hawthorn has been shown to help as a sleep aid and boosts restful sleep.
This wonderful herb is thought to be especially effective in the beginning stages of heart disease, as well as speeding up the recovery time after a heart attack. It is also believed to strengthen a weak heart muscle associated with age, relieve pressure and tightness of the chest, ease angina and myocarditis (inflammation of the heart), as well as mild cardiac arrhythmia. Hawthorn Berry is widely regarded in Europe as a safe and effective herbal treatment for the early stages of heart disease and is endorsed by Commission E that studies and approves this herbal remedy. The bioflavonoids found in Hawthorn interact with key enzymes in the heart to increase the pumping force of the heart muscle is one of the most valuable herbs for the heart and circulation.
This herbal supplement helps to reduce high blood pressure caused by hardening of the arteries and kidney disease. It has the ability to both lower high blood pressure and to bring low blood pressure back to normal. Studies suggest that Hawthorn Berry can be taken safely by people with hypertension who are also taking blood pressure medications.
Another benefit of Hawthorn liquid extract is that it harbors potent antioxidant properties, which are believed to exert cholesterol lowering effects and reduce the accumulation of fatty plaque in the arteries and improved blood flow to the heart. It has been used for the treatment of spasms of the arteries (as with Reynaud’s disease). Hawthorn reduces cholesterol and is believed to help regulate blood pressure (both high and low).
ADD (Attention Deficit Disorder) may be helped by the use of Hawthorne. By increasing blood circulation to the brain and stopping inflammatory responses caused by allergies, the herb is believed to have a sedative effect on the central nervous system. People who suffer from anxiety, strain, pressure and tension benefit from Hawthorn because of its mild sedative properties. The sedative effect has also been used to treat insomnia and nervous tension. Hawthorn herbal remedies also provide a highly effective relaxing impact on the functioning of the nervous system, the herb helps with reducing extreme anxiety and stress, it will help in soothing mental frustration, it reduces restlessness along with decreases nervous palpitations.
Hawthorn Berry’s high vitamin C content helps to strengthen tiny capillaries in the brain, opening them and resulting in more nutrients and oxygen reaching the brain. And in combination with Ginkgo, Hawthorn stimulates blood circulation to the brain, and herbalists have long used it to treat age-related forms of memory problems. Improved capillary health is also known to relieve conditions such as bloodshot eyes, glaucoma, hemorrhoids, swollen ankles and varicose and spider veins.
Hawthorn was used in quite a few Chinese medicines to help with the retention of meals inside the belly. Hawthorn’s capabilities to break up fat also causes it to be useful for helping with indigestion that comes on as a result of eating greasy foods. It relieves abdominal distention and treats dyspepsia, diarrhea and is a good herbal remedy for dropsy.
Hawthorn Berry may be of great help for arthritis and osteoporosis. Hawthorn is said to stabilize the collagen in the bone itself, thereby helping to counter osteoporosis. Hawthorn has a chemical action that helps tone down inflammation. And while helping to protect collagen, it may slow down the progression of a chronic inflammatory disease. It also helps protect cells from premature aging.

Hawthorn is a powerful antioxidant which helps to destroy free radicals in the body. Free radicals are naturally occurring molecules which cannot be avoided; however, their presence is increased by environmental pollutants such as cigarette smoke, air pollution, ultraviolet light, radiation and even some prescription and non-prescription medications. Free radicals enter the body, destroy healthy cells and damage genetic material, increasing the likelihood of cancer and speeding the natural aging process.
Some research has claimed that this herb may be effective against certain serious diseases. Its rutin content is a bioflavonoid that appears to accelerate the death of leukemia cells and Burkitt’s lymphoma and may also deactivate plasmin, a chemical that allows cancerous growths to spread throughout the body. The proanthocyanidins in the Berry „possess a higher degree of polymerization, a characteristic that reportedly increases antioxidant activity.“
Nutrients: Amino acids, calcium, choline, chromium, essential fatty acids, iron, magnesium, manganese, phosphorus, potassium, selenium, silicon, zinc, vitamins A, B1, B2, B3 and C. Drug interactions: Check with physician if on Digoxin.

Ingredients: Hawthorn Leaf and Flower, Structured Water, 96% Alcohol.

Non-Alcohol: Hawthorn Leaf and Flower, Structured Water, Vegetable Glycerin.

All of our ingredients are Certified Organic, Kosher, or Responsibly Wildcrafted. No genetically modified organisms (GMO’s) are involved. All other products that are distributed by us meet our high-quality standards.
Instructions: Use 10-20 drops in juice, water, under the tongue or as desired. May be taken 2-4 times daily. Shake well. Store in cool dark place. Keep out of reach of children.
Contraindications: If diagnosed with angina, cardiac arrhythmias or congestive heart failure, use Hawthorn Berry only under the supervision of a physician. Large amounts (more than the recommended dosage) of Hawthorn Berry may result in sedation or dramatic drop in blood pressure. Signs of overdose include hypotension and arrhythmias. Using Hawthorn may potentiate the effects of some pharmaceutical heart medications – consult with your physician before using this product, as the medication dosage may need to be lowered. Use with caution in cases of colitis and ulcers. Children and pregnant or nursing women should not use Hawthorn Berry unless directed by a physician. Taking Hawthorn and medicines used to treat or prevent blood clots together may cause your blood to be too thin, making you bleed or bruise more easily. Also, taking Hawthorn and Sulfinpyrazone (which is used to treat gout and may also be used to treat certain blood diseases) together may cause your blood to be too thin.
Disclaimer: The information presented herein by Herbal Alchemy is intended for educational purposes only. These statements have not been evaluated by the FDA and are not intended to diagnose, cure, treat or prevent disease. Individual results may vary, and before using any supplements, it is always advisable to consult with your own healthcare provider.

Anti-inflammatory, gastroprotective, free-radical-scavenging, and antimicrobial activities of hawthorn berries ethanol extract.

X X X X X

Effect of Crataegus Usage in Cardiovascular Disease Prevention: An Evidence-Based Approach

X X X X X

Medicinal uses

Uses supported by clinical data

Treatment of chronic congestive heart failure stage II, as defined by the New York Heart Association (24-34).

Uses described in pharmacopoeias and in traditional systems of medicine

Support of cardiac and circulatory functions (35).

Uses described in folk medicine, not supported by experimental or clinical data

As an antispasmodic agent in the treatment of asthma, diarrhoea, gall bladder disease and uterine contractions, and as a sedative for the treatment of insomnia (5).

Pharmacology

Experimental pharmacology

Inotropic effects Positive inotropic effects of Folium cum Flore Crataegi and its constituents have been demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo. These effects are generally attributed to the flavonoid and procyanidin constituents of the leaves with flowers (3, 36–38). A hydroalcoholic extract of the flowers with leaves, flavonoid and procyanidin fractions of the extract, and isolated constituents (e.g. biogenic amines, crataegolic acid, epi-catechin, hyperoside, luteolin 7-glucoside, rutin and vitexin) all have positive inotropic effects, and prolong the refractory period in cardiac myocytes, isolated papillary muscles and isolated guinea-pig hearts (36-48). In isolated guinea-pig hearts perfused at constant pressure, 3µg/ml of a standardized extract increased the contractility of the heart by 9.5% (40). In isolated, electrically stimulated strips of failing human left ventricular myocardium, a standardized extract (18.75% oligomeric procyanidins) increased the force of contraction at concentrations higher than 10µg/ml; a 100µg/ml extract improved the force-frequency relationship (39). A standardized extract of the leaves and flowers increased the contractility of myocardial cells by 153%, at a concentration of 120µg/ml (44). An aqueous extract of the leaves with flowers, two proanthocyanidin fractions and two flavonoid fractions of the extract dilated coronary blood vessels, and had positive inotropic effects on isolated guinea-pig hearts (extract or fraction: 0.05mg/ml) (41).

Chronotropic effects Intragastric administration of a macerate or fluidextract of the shoots, flowers or leaves to rats (12.5-25.0 mg/kg body weight) significantly inhibited arrhythmias induced by aconitine, calcium chloride or chloroform/epinephrine (P < 0.05) (49, 50). The extracts also reduced blood pressure in rats at the same dosage (49, 50). Aconitine-induced arrythmias were also inhibited after intravenous administration of a 95% ethanol extract of the bark and leaves (50mg/kg body weight) to rabbits (51). Intravenous administration of a flavonoid-enriched extract of the leaves and flowers to rabbits (20mg/kg body weight) or rats (2 mg/kg body weight) inhibited barium chloride-induced arrhythmias (52, 53). Intravenous administration of a standardized extract (containing 18.75% oligomeric procyanidins) to anaesthetized dogs (7.5-30.0 mg/kg body weight) increased maximum left ventricular contraction velocity by 16.8-31.1% (54).

An aqueous extract improved cardiac performance during reperfusion, reduced lactate levels and accelerated energy metabolism in reperfused ischaemic rat heart. No increase in coronary blood flow was observed (55). Intragastric administration of single doses of a standardized extract (containing 18.75% oligomeric procyanidins) of the leaves with flowers (100mg/kg body weight) or an oligomeric procyanidin-enriched fraction (20mg/kg body weight) daily to rats protected against perfusion-induced arrhythmias, hypotensive crisis and mortality (56, 57). The oligomeric procyanidin-enriched fraction did not decrease the reperfusion-induced elevation of creatine kinase plasma levels (57). Administration of powdered leaves and flowers to rats (2% of diet) reduced the release of lactate dehydrogenase after perfusion-induced heart ischemia (58).

Effect on coronary blood flow Intragastric administration of an oligomeric procyanidin fraction of a standardized leaf and flower extract to dogs at a dose of 12-70mg/kg body weight, three times daily for 60 days, increased myocardial blood flow (59, 60). Intravenous injection of an aqueous or 95% ethanol extract of the flowers increased coronary blood flow and cardiac output, and decreased peripheral resistance in both dogs and guinea-pigs (61–63). Administration of a flavonoid-enriched extract to cats and rabbits increased coronary blood flow by 48% and 163%, respectively, and reduced pituitrin-induced coronary insufficiency in rabbits (52). Intravenous administration of a leaf with flower extract to cats (10mg/kg body weight) or rabbits (20 mg/kg body weight) dilated coronary blood vessels, and improved coronary blood flow (53).

Effect on action potential A leaf preparation (10 mg/l) prolonged the duration of the action potential and delayed the recovery of V_max in isolated guinea-pig papillary muscle (42). The electrophysiological correlation between the increase in the contraction amplitude of isolated canine papillary muscles, and vasodilation in isolated human coronary arteries, was measured after application of an extract of the leaves with flowers. The cardiac action potential significantly increased in duration and overshoot, and maximal depolarization (P < 0.001). Hyperpolarization of the resting membrane of normal and arteriosclerotic vascular smooth muscle cells of the human coronary artery was observed after treatment with flavonoids isolated from the extract (0.1 and 100µmol/l). The isometric wall tension decreased in both normal and arteriosclerotic vessels. The increase of peak-to-plateau repolarization in cardiac action potential and hyperpolarization of vascular smooth muscle suggest that the extract acts as a potassium channel agonist (64, 65).

Antihypertensive effects In various animal models, a decrease in peripheral vascular resistance and hypertension occurred after treatment with leaf and/or flower extracts (50, 54, 66-69). Intravenous administration of a standardized fluidextract of the leaves with flowers (equivalent to 6 mg of procyanidins/kg body weight) to anaesthetized normotensive dogs decreased norepinephrine-induced elevation of blood pressure. The extract (equivalent to 0.03 mg procyanidins/ml) also had β-blocking activity and inhibited epinephrine-induced tachycardia in isolated frog hearts (69). Hyperoside, isolated from an extract of the leaves and flowers, administered either intravenously at a dose of 1mg/kg body weight or by infusion at 0.1 mg/kg body weight/min for 30 min, decreased blood pressure in anaesthetized dogs (68). Intravenous administration of an aqueous extract of the leaves (average dose 31 mg/kg body weight) decreased the systolic, diastolic and mean blood pressure in normotensive anaesthetized rats (66). Acute or chronic intragastric administration of a fluidextract or a glycerol/ethanol extract reduced arterial blood pressure in normotensive rats and in rats with desoxycorticosterone acetate-induced hypertension (50). Intragastric administration of a standardized extract (300 mg/kg body weight daily) decreased blood pressure by 9 mm Hg (1.20 kPa) (67). Intravenous administration of a standardized extract (containing 18.75% oligomeric procyanidins) to anaesthetized rats (30 mg/kg body weight) or dogs (15 mg/kg body weight) decreased total peripheral resistance and arterial blood pressure (54).

Anti-inflammatory effects Both free radical production and lipid peroxidation are involved in various pathological processes, including cardiac ischaemia. As determined by in vitro studies, Folium cum Flore Crataegi has free radical scavenging and antioxidant activities. A standardized extract (containing 18.75% oligomeric procyanidins) and an oligomeric procyanidin-fraction of the extract inhibited lipid peroxidation (IC₅₀ 0.48µg/ml (extract), 0.3µg/ml (fraction)), and the activity of human neutrophil elastase (IC₅₀ 4.75µg/ml (extract), 0.84µg/ml (fraction)) (56). A 70% methanol extract of the flower buds inhibited lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsomes (IC₅₀ 23µg/l) (70, 71). Both phenolic and flavonoid-enriched fractions of extracts of the leaves and flowers had antioxidant activity in vitro (70–72).

Effect on signal transduction An aqueous or methanol extract of the leaves with flowers, as well as hyperoside, vitexin and vitexin rhamnoside, inhibited the activity of cyclic AMPdependent phosphodiesterase isolated from guinea-pig or rat heart (73, 74). Both luteolin 7-glucoside and rutin were also active (75). Hydroalcoholic extracts of the flowers and flower heads inhibited the formation of thromboxane A₂ and prostaglandin I₂ in rabbit cardiac tissues in vitro, thus indicating an anti-inflammatory effect of the extracts (76, 77). A standardized extract (containing 18.75% oligomeric procyanidins) displaced ³H-ouabain bound to sodium- and potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase (39).

Anticontractile effects An aqueous extract of the flowers inhibited barium chloride-induced contractions in rabbit intestine in vitro (78). A flavonoid-enriched extract of the leaves with flowers inhibited both histamine- and nicotine-induced contractions in rabbit intestine in vitro and partially inhibited contractions induced by barium chloride, acetylcholine or serotonin (ED₅₀ 0.02 mg/ml) (52). Intravenous administration of a flavonoid-enriched extract of the leaves with flowers to cats (20 mg/kg body weight) inhibited contractions in intestinal smooth muscle, and intraperitoneal injection (400 mg/kg body weight) inhibited acetic acid-induced writhing in mice (52).

Sedative effects

Sedative effects have been observed in various animal models after intragastric administration of leaf with flower extracts (79, 80). A 60% ethanol extract of the flowers increased hexobarbital-induced sleeping times, and decreased spontaneous motility and exploratory behaviour in female mice (800 mg/kg body weight) (80).

Diuretic effects A flavonoid-enriched fraction of a flower extract had diuretic activity in dogs (50 mg/kg body weight) (81).

Toxicology Single-dose toxicity studies have demonstrated that rats and mice tolerate 3g/kg body weight, by gastric lavage, of a standardized hydroalcoholic extract of the leaves with flowers (containing 18.75% oligomeric procyanidins) without any clinical symptoms of toxicity. The intraperitoneal median lethal dose (LD₅₀) was 1.17 g/kg body weight in rats and 750 mg/kg body weight in mice. No toxic effects were observed in a repeat-dose toxicity study in which rats and dogs were given a standardized extract (containing 18.75% oligomeric procyanidins) at doses of 30, 90 and 300 mg/kg body weight daily by the intragastric route for 26 weeks (82).

Clinical pharmacology

Cardiac insufficiency Review of the pharmacological and clinical data indicates that standardized extracts of Folium cum Flore Crataegi increase myocardial performance, improve myocardial circulatory perfusion and tolerance in cases of oxygen defi- ciency, have antiarrhythmic effects and reduce afterload (29). Positive therapeutic effects of Folium cum Flore Crataegi in patients with characteristic symptoms of an activated sympathoadrenergic system, such as hypertension, tachycardia and arrhythmia (also characteristic of cardiac insufficiency stage II, as defined by the New York Heart Association (25–34)), have also been demonstrated (30). Furthermore, numerous clinical trials with and without controls have assessed the therapeutic efficacy of Folium cum Flore Crataegi extracts for the treatment of cardiac insufficiency stage II (25–34). The investigations were performed with a dried 70% methanol or 45% ethanol standardized extract (containing 2.2% flavonoids or 18.75% oligomeric procyanidins, respectively) of the leaves with flowers (30). The dosage ranged from 160 to 900 mg extract daily for 4-8 weeks. Evaluation of efficacy of the extracts was based on the following criteria: anaerobic threshold (27); Clinical Global Impression Scale (31, 32); exercise tolerance (25, 26,28, 31, 32, 34); ventricular ejection fraction (26, 33); quality of life and improvement of subjective symptoms (defined by the New York Heart Association) (26–28, 31–34) and pressure/rate product (26, 28, 31, 32, 34). Although improvements were seen, no long-term trials have assessed the effects of Folium Cum Flore Crataegi on mortality rates in patients with chronic congestive heart failure.

Exercise tolerance A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial assessed the efficacy of the extract containing 2.2% flavonoids on exercise-induced anaerobic threshold, as measured by spiroergometry, in 72 patients. Patients were administered an oral dose of 900 mg extract or placebo daily for 8 weeks. After treatment, oxygen uptake increased significantly in the treated group (P < 0.05), and exercise time to anaerobic threshold increased by 30 seconds in the treated group, but by only 2 seconds in the placebo group. Significant improvements in subjective symptoms were also noted in the treated group, as compared with the placebo group (P < 0.01) (27).

The efficacy of the extract containing 2.2% flavonoids on the improvement of exercise tolerance was assessed by bicycle ergometry in patients with cardiac insufficiency stage II, in three clinical trials. In a double-blind, placebocontrolled trial of 85 patients, oral administration of 300mg extract daily for 4-8 weeks improved working capacity; however, the difference was not significant when compared with the placebo (25). A double-blind, placebocontrolled trial assessed the efficacy of oral administration of 600 mg extract daily for 8 weeks in 78 patients. Patients in the treatment group had a significant improvement in exercise tolerance as compared with the placebo group (P < 0.001). Patients who received the extract also had lower blood pressure and heart rate during exercise, and had fewer overall symptoms, such as dyspnoea and fatigue (31). In the third trial, 132 patients were treated orally with 900mg extract or 37.5 mg captopril daily for 8 weeks in a double-blind comparative study. Exercise tolerance, measured after 56 days of treatment, improved significantly in both groups (P < 0.001). In addition, the pressure/rate product was reduced, and the incidence and severity of symptoms such as dyspnoea and fatigue decreased by approximately 50% (32).

Pressure/rate product Two double-blind, placebo-controlled trials assessed the efficacy of the extract containing 18.75% oligomeric procyanidins in a total of 156 patients with stage II cardiac insufficiency. Patients were treated orally with 160 mg extract or placebo daily for 8 weeks. The main parameters measured were the pressure/rate product using a bicycle ergometer, and the score of subjective symptom status. Patients treated with the extract exhibited a significant improvement in exercise tolerance, as compared with the placebo group (P < 0.05), and also a decrease in subjective complaints (28, 34). In addition, a slight reduction in the systolic and diastolic blood pressure was noted in both groups (28).

Ventricular ejection fraction In a trial without controls involving seven patients with stages II and III cardiac insufficiency, with an angiographically determined left ventricular ejection fraction of less than 55% over a period of 4 weeks, oral administration of 240 mg extract containing 18.75% oligomeric procyanidins daily for 4 weeks increased the ventricular ejection fraction from 29.80 to 40.45%, as measured by angiography. Symptomatic complaints (Complaint List as defined by von Zerssen) also showed improvements (33). The effects of the extract containing 18.75% oligomeric procyanidins on haemodynamics were also investigated by radionuclide angiocardiography in a study without controls. Twenty patients with stage II cardiac insufficiency, with an angiographically determined left ventricular ejection fraction of less than 55% over a period of 4 weeks, were treated with 480 mg extract. After treatment, the ejection fraction increased from 40.18 to 43.50% at rest, and from 41.51 to 46.56% under exercise conditions. Ergometric tolerance to exercise improved, blood pressure decreased and subjective complaints were reduced (26).

Pharmacokinetics Absorption of a ¹⁴C-labelled oligomeric procyanidin fraction of standardized extracts of leaves with flowers was measured in mice after intragastric administration (0.6 mg). The results demonstrated that 20-30% of the total fraction, 40-81% of the trimeric procyanidins and 16-42% of the oligomeric procyanidins were absorbed within 1-7 hours after administration. After 7 hours, 0.6% of the radioactivity of the total fraction was eliminated by expiration and 6.4% was eliminated in the urine. Daily intragastric administration of 0.6mg of a radiolabelled oligomeric procyanidin fraction to mice for 7 days led to an accumulation of radioactivity that was 2-3 times that in mice given a single dose (83).

Contraindications

None (84).

Warnings Accurate diagnosis of stage II congestive heart failure should be obtained prior to use of Folium cum Flore Crataegi. Consult a physician if symptoms worsen, remain unchanged for longer than 6 weeks, or if water accumulates in the legs. Medical attention is absolutely necessary if pain occurs in the region of the heart, spreading out to the arms, upper abdomen or neck area, or in cases of respiratory distress (e.g. dyspnoea) (84).

Precautions

Drug interactions None (84).

Drug and laboratory test interactions No effects in laboratory tests (i.e. serum levels of sodium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, total bilirubin, cholesterol and creatinin, and blood glucose levels) were observed (34).

Carcinogenesis, mutagenesis, impairment of fertility A standardized extract of Folium cum Flore Crataegi (containing 18.75% oligomeric procyanidins) was not mutagenic or clastogenic in the Salmonella/ microsome assay, mouse lymphoma test, cytogenetic analysis in cultured human lymphocytes or in the mouse bone marrow micronucleus test (82). A fluidextract was moderately active in the Salmonella/microsome assay in S. typhimuriumstrain TA98 only after metabolic activation. The mutagenic activity appeared to be due to the quercetin content of the extract; however, the amount of quercetin ingested in a normal daily diet is higher than would be obtained from the extract (85). Intragastric administration of up to 1.6 g/kg body weight had no effect on the fertility of female and male rats or the F₁ generation (86).

Pregnancy: teratogenic effects Intragastric administration of up to 1.6 g/kg body weight of a standardized extract of Folium cum Flore Crataegi to rats and rabbits was not teratogenic (86).

Pregnancy: non-teratogenic effects No peri- or postnatal toxicity was observed in rats treated intragastrically with a standardized extract of Folium cum Flore Crataegi (1.6 g/kg body weight) (86).

Other precautions No information available on general precautions or precautions concerning nursing mothers or paediatric use. Therefore, Folium cum Flore Crataegi should not be administered during lactation or to children without medical supervision.

Adverse reactions None (84).

Dosage forms Crude drug for infusion and hydroalcoholic extracts (35). Store in a well-closed container, protected from light and moisture (1).

Posology (Unless otherwise indicated)
Daily dosage: 160-900 mg dried 45% ethanol or 70% methanol extract (drug: extract ratio 4-7:1) standardized to contain 18.75% oligomeric procyanidins (calculated as epi-catechin) or 2.2% flavonoids (calculated as hyperoside), respectively (26–29, 31–34, 84); 1.0-1.5 g comminuted crude drug as an infusion 3-4 times daily (35). Therapeutic effects may require 4-6 weeks of continuous therapy (84).

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Pharmacological activities Crataegus species possesses immense medicinal applications, but a few species have been screened for their biological activities. The experimental results have shown a wide spectrum of such effects; some of them have been discussed and summarized in Chart 2.

Crataegus may improve coronary artery blood flow and the contractions of the heart muscle, hence used widely in cardiovascular disorders like arrhythmia, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure (Long et al., 2006;

Degenring et al., 2003; Tadic et al., 2008; Jayalakshmi et al., 2006; Garjani et al., 2000). Crataegus extracts also prevents elimination of plasma lipids such as total cholesterol, triacylglycerides and LDL and VLDL fractions (Ljubuncic et al, 2006; Andrade-Cetto & Heinrich, 2005). Crataegus may be employed as anti-inflammatory, gastro-protective, antimicrobial agent and used as hepatoprotective agent (Tadic et al., 2008; Kao et al 2005). It is also mildly inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and reduce production of the potent blood vessel-constricting substance angiotensin II, hence act as hypotensive and diuretic (Schroder et al., 2003). It mildly lower blood pressure in some individuals with high blood pressure but should not be thought of as a substitute for cardiac medications for this condition. Crataegus showed high antioxidant and immunostimulating activity (Li et al., 2009). Crataegus is also employed in CNS disorders like anxiety and mild depression (Hanus et al., 2004).

Antihypertensive activity, Anti-arrythmic activity, Myocardial infarction, Myocardial ischaemia, Congestive heart failure, Antihyperlipdemic activity, Antioxidant activity, Anticataract potential, Anti-inflammatory, gastroprotective and antimicrobial activity, Antiviral activity, Crataegus on reproductive system, Radioprotective activity, immunostimulant activity, Crataegus in anxiety and depression, Diuretic/ACE inhibitor activity, Hypoglycaemic activity, Hepatoprotective activity, Cytotoxic activity

Miscellaneous Crataegus species have number of various biological as well as pharmacological activities.

Dosage Dosages of Crataegus extracts vary, depending upon concentration of extract. Therapeutic dose of an extract standardized to contain 1.8 percent vitexin-4-rhamnoside is 100-250 mg three times daily. Astandardized extract containing 18% oligomeric procyanidins id dosed in the range of 250-500 mg daily (Monograph, 2010).

Toxicology In humans the acute oral toxicity of hawthorn was 6 g/kg.

Contraindications It is generally considered safe; however relative contraindications exist with cases of hypersensitivity or a history of an allergic reaction to Crataegus or any of its components. An absolute contraindication has been suggested in children under the age of 12 (Weikl et al., 1996; Ammon & Handel, 1981b).

Side effects Hawthorn was well tolerated in studies lasting up to sixteen weeks. Some side effects, while rare, may have been related to hawthorn extracts cited in the literature are: mild rash, headache, sweating, dizziness, sleepiness, agitation, gastrointestinal complaints (Houser, 2006).

Drug interactions The flavonoid components of hawthorn may be responsible for hawthorn’s beneficial effects in the treatment of heart failure. However, these components may also affect P-glycoprotein function and cause interactions with drugs that are P-glycoprotein substrates, such as digoxin, which is also used to treat heart failure (Tankanow et al., 2003).

Conclusion The medicinal properties of Crataegus species, Rosaceae, as discussed in this review paper highlighted significant pharmacological activities of this species. Pharmacological actions experimented on animals or in vitro models conclude its potential as cardioactive, hypotensive, hypolipidaemic, gastroprotective, hepatoprotective, antivirus, including anti-hiv, antioxidant, immunostimulant, antidiabetic, cytotoxic etc. Presence of bioflavanoids like oligomeric procyanidins, triterpenes, polysaccharides and other active compounds might be responsible for these pharmacological activities. It is believed that detailed information as presented in this review on its various biological properties, chemistry of compounds, clinical trials and regulatory status of Crataegus might provide incentive for proper evaluation of the use of its various species in medicine. Last but not the least, this review emphasizes the potential genus Crataegus to be employed in new therapeutic drugs and provide the basis for future research on the various species of this genus.

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Major pharmacologically active components are believed to be flavonoids, such as hyperoside and vitexin and procyanidins.

Antineoplastic effects: Hawthorn may exhibit antineoplastic activity and collagen stabilizing actions. Two triterpenes, uvaol and ursolic acid, were isolated from Crataegus pinnatifida and made responsible for cytotoxicity against human and murine cancer cell lines.6 Triterpenes-enriched fractions of hawthorn extract have demonstrated almost complete inhibition of cultured larynx cancer cell growth and stronger in vitro activity than 6-mercaptopurine solution used as a positive control.4 The exact mechanism of action is not well understood.

Cardiovascular effects: Direct effects on the cardiovascular system have been demonstrated. Administration of hawthorn extract has been shown to decrease blood pressure and total peripheral resistance, economize myocardial function and decrease cardiac preload in healthy subjects.7,8 More specifically, hawthorn extract (WS 1442) has shown an inotropic effect on myocardial tissue isolated from patients with terminal left-ventricular heart failure (CHF).9 The inotropic effects of hawthorn may be caused by inhibition of 3′,5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate diesterase10, rather than beta-sympathomimetic activity11.

In the isolated perfused guinea pig heart, the inotropic effect of hawthorn extract LI 132 was weaker than digoxin and epinephrine. However, the refractory period was prolonged, perhaps as a result of blockage of repolarizing potassium currents. Thus, hawthorn may be potentially less arrhythmogenic than conventional inotropic agents.12 At a dose of 20mg/kg, crataemon (flavonoid fraction of hawthorn) stopped barium chloride-induced arrhythmia in animals; at doses greater than 30mg/kg, hypotensive effects were seen.5 A hawthorn extract (LI 132) prevented reperfusion arrhythmias and drastically reduced lactate dehydrogenase release in isolated rat hearts.13,1,14 However, in a more recent study, no antiarrhythmic effect on the reperfused rat heart was found.15 The authors suggested an intracellular increase in calcium as the mechanism for inotropy, as well as for the occasional aggravation of arrhythmia. Earlier areas of animal study included the effects of hawthorn upon myocardial perfusion 16 17. In one experiment, crataemon increased rabbit coronary blood flow by 37%, at a dose of 10mg/kg, and decreased myocardial oxygen consumption.5

A preventive effect of hawthorn on coronary artery disease18,1,19 and cancer20 has been proposed, as due to hawthorn’s antioxidant activities. Free radical properties have been demonstrated in vivo18,21, and may depend on the phenol22 or flavonoid content of the extract.

Other pharmacological properties of hawthorn that may influence heart function may include thromboxane A2 biosynthesis inhibition, observed in vitro.23

Endocrine effects: Hawthorn may induce reductions in lipids and in rats. Hawthorn tincture has been shown to enhance hepatic lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) receptor activity, to stimulate intrahepatic cholesterol degradation, and to suppress cholesterol biosynthesis.3,24 Hyperoside, isoquercitrin and epicatechin are the major active flavonoid components of the phenolic extract from hawthorn fruits, which demonstrate inhibitory effects in vitro on cupric ion (Cu+2)-mediated low density lipoproteins (LDL) oxidation.25 It has been proposed that the co-occurring components in hawthorn phenolic extract might not have significant effect on the intestinal absorption of the three major hawthorn flavonoids.26

Reproductive effects: In vitro study showed that serum containing the root of Crataegus cuneata significantly increased the sperm progressive motility in five and 15 minutes and the motility and progressive motility were both increased significantly in 60 and 120 minutes, compared to controls.2

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HOMEOPATHIC MATERIA MEDICA
by William BOERICKE, M.D. CRATAEGUS

The genus Crataegus: chemical and pharmacological perspectives