Preparati

PREPARATI PROPOLISA (Resina Propoli):

TINKTURA I HIDROETANOLNI TEČNI EKSTRAKT

PROPOLIS HSS I TM

Propolis tinctura 1:10 Ph.Eur,

Propolis extractum ethanolicum liquidum DER 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:10.

ATC: antibakterik, antivirotik, imunomodulator.

U skladu sa:

Eu. Ph. 08, od 01.07.2015. monografijom: 

EMA: Assessment report on

Fr. Ph. 1989 ANSM Propolis ad praeparationes homoeopathicas (Propolis pour preparations homeopathiques) Pharmacopée française 1989

a) Propolis, Propolis – Resina Propoli (method 1.1.10 (2371).

Preparati u tečnom obliku (nerazblaženi ili razblaženi) za oralnu i lokalnu upotrebu.

Sastav:

a) tečni ekstrakt (DER 1:10), ekstrakcioni rastvarač etanol 85% (v/v) 10%,

b) tečni ekstrakt (DER 1:4), ekstrakcioni rastvarač etanol 85% (v/v) 20%,

c) tečni ekstrakt (DER 1:3), ekstrakcioni rastvarač etanol 85% (v/v) 25%,

d) tečni ekstrakt (DER 1:2), ekstrakcioni rastvarač etanol 85% (v/v) 33%.

Propolis sadrži preko 60 istraženih biohemijskih jedinjenja koja ispoljavaju preko 180 dejstava.

Sadržaj:

a) minimalno 4,0% m/m ekstrakta propolisa (suvi ostatak Pharmacopée française 1989),

b) sadrži fenole, fenolne kiseline, estre fenolnih kiselina, flavanone, flavanonole, dihidroflavanonole, flavone, flavonole, halkone (chalconoid, chalcone, chalcones), fenolne gliceride, – ukupnih fenola od 57 do 75 %, aromatičnih jedinjenja, … pinocembrin, pinobanksin, pinobanksinO-aceteate, chrysin, galangin, pentenyl caffeates, benzyl caffeate, phenethyl caffeate, phenolic glycerides, diterpenic acids, …

c) sadrži flavonoide (Propolis flavonoids) minimalno 15 mg/ mL, smole, polen, vosak, esencijalno ulje.

Indikacije: Biljni preparati su namenjeni poboljšanju opšteg stanja organizma kroz razna naučno dokazana dejstva. Izvor antioksidanasa za održavanje dobrog zdravlja  (Jasprica et al. 2007, Lofty 2006, PRC 2005, Kwon et al. 2004, Ichikawa et al. 2002, Tilgner 1999). (Tradicionalno) se koristi u Herbalnoj Medicini kod bolnog grla i infekcija usta i grla. (PRC 2005, Castalado and Capasso 2002, Mills and Bone 2000, Tilgner 1999)

Upotreba kod gastrointestinalnih, respiratornih i kožnih  tegoba. Efikasno deluje na infekcije izazvane Helicobacter pylori, kod orofaringealnih kandidijaza (oropharyngeal candidiasis) kod osoba sa protezama.

Ima jako dejstvo kod: infekcija gornjih respiratornih puteva, bakterijskih infekcija, nazeba, kašlja, faringitisa, stomatitisa, paradentoze, urinarnih i kožnih infekcija, …

Delotvoran kod: Propolis ispoljava antimikrobna dejstva protiv gram-pozitivnih bakterija, gljivica i nekih virusa. Najčešće se koristi kao oro-dentalni preparat, propolis može imati ulogu u smanjenju karijesa i oralnih ulceracija i u prevenciji zdravlja zuba.

Citotoksičnost propolisa i njegovih hemijskih jedinjenja je dokazana u različitim modelima sa životinjama i in vitro, međutim nedostaju istraživanja i kliničke studije u tretmanu karcinoma.

Efekti na imunološki sistem, antioksidantna dejstva i efekti na kardiovaskularni sistem takođe su dokazani.

Inflammation of the uterus (cervicitis). Early research suggests that applying a dressing containing a 5% propolis ointment daily can reduce symptoms and improve healing in women with inflammation of the uterus.Intestinal infection (giardiasis). Early research suggests that taking a specific 30% propolis extract (Propolisina) can cure giardiasis in more people than the drug tinidazole. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection. Early research suggests that taking 60 drops of a preparation containing Brazilian green propolis daily for 7 days does not reduce H. pylori infection.Minor burns. Applying propolis to the skin might help treat minor burns and prevent infections.
Thrush (oropharyngeal candidiasis). Early research suggests that using Brazilian green propolis extract four times daily for 7 days can prevent oral thrush in people with dentures.Upper respiratory tract infections. There is some evidence that propolis might help prevent or reduce the duration of common colds and other upper respiratory tract infections.Vaginal swelling (vaginitis). Early research suggests that applying a 5% propolis solution vaginally for 7 days can reduce symptoms and improve quality of life in people with vaginal swelling.
Cancer sores.Tuberculosis. Infections. Nose and throat cancer.
Improving immune response. Ulcers. Stomach and intestinal disorders. Wounds. Inflammation.

U narodnoj medicini kod: gastritisa, gingivitisa, halitusa, sinuzitisa, zubobolje, rana, bradavica, 

Spoljašnja primena (topikalno) kod: bakterijskih i gljivičnih infekcija 

Upotrebljava se kao: antiinflamatik, antibakterik, antimikrobik, antineoplastik, antioksidant, antiplatelet, antivirotik, epitelizant, imunomodulator, protektor fertiliteta i radioprotektor, preventivno kod osteoporoze, paradentoze, …

Monografija nemačke E komisije (Commission E Monographs), terapijski vodič za biljne lekove, preporučuje Propolis za tretman kožnih oboljenja, upale sluznica respiratornog i urinarnog trakta.

Doziranje i način primene:

do 2 mL (80 kapi) podeljeno u 2 do 4 doze (za 33% varijantu- do 0,6 grama čistog ekstrakta).

Biljni preparat PROPOLIS HSS i TM:

pojedinačna doza: 0,5- 1,0 mL,

maksimalna preporučena dnevna doza (MPDD): 2 mL.

Maksimalna dnevna per os doza (oralno) ne bi trebala da bude veća od 0,6 grama čistog propolisa.

Oralna (15 minuta pre obroka) i lokalna primena.

Upotreba na koži: aplicirati na obolelo mesto u tankom sloju ili obliku impregniranog zavoja.

Napraviti pauzu posle 4 nedelje neprekidne upotrebe (oralna upotreba).

Po preporukama, preparat postiže najbolje efekte pri upotrebi od 8 do 12 nedelja, duža upotreba je bezbedna uz pauze.

Kontraindikacije: preosetljivost na aktivne supstance,preosetljivost na pčelinje proizvode (Apis mellifera/mellifica)

6% svetske populacije je osetljivo na pčelinje proizvode.

Čuvanje: na tamnom, suvom i hladnom mestu do 20˚C, van domašaja dece i izlaganja EM zračenju,  u dobro zatvorenoj originalnoj ambalaži.

Rok upotrebe: 5 godina, posle prvog otvaranja 6 meseci. Zbog količine alkohola, preparat ima neograničen rok upotrebe uz adekvatno čuvanje.

Pakovanje: 10 mL, 20 mL, 30 mL, 50 mL i 100 mL, standardne farmaceutske braon bočice; 250 mL, 500 mL, 1L i 5 L na zahtev.

Nutritivne informacije:

PROPOLIS HSS i TM:

energetska vrednost u 100 mL: 1504 kJ/ 360 kcal,

u preporučenoj dnevnoj dozi (PDD) 2  mL: 30 kJ/ 7,2 kcal,

suve materije (DR) više od 4% (Eur. Ph.).

Bez konzervanasa, proteina, masti i ugljenih hidrata.

PROPOLIS HSS i TM su rukom rađeni proizvodi. 

CENOVNIK 

% x mL  + 300,00

Pogledati i osrale informacije na: http://www.biljni-preparati.com/preparati/propolis-propolis/

Podaci ažurirani januara 2022.

LLLLLLLL

PROPOLIS Urtinktur Hanosan

Propolis (Propolis)

Synonyms / Common Names / Related Terms

Apis mellifera L., bee glue, bee propolis, bee putty, Bienenharz (German), Brazilian green propolis, Brazilian propolis, Bulgarian propolis, caffeic acid phenethyl ester, CAPE, cera alba, chizukit, cinnamic acid, flavonoids, galangin, Greek propolis, hive dross, Propolin H, propolis balsam, propolis resin, propolis wax, propolisina (Spanish), Russian penicillin, Taiwanese propolis, terpenes, WSDP.

Combination product example: Chizukit (preparation containing echinacea, propolis, and vitamin C).

Mechanism of Action

Pharmacology:

• Constituents: Propolis composition is considered to be highly variable and dependent on the plant species from which it is collected as well as the season and geographical location in which it is harvested.^1,16 Propolis extracts have been found to contain amino acids, phenolic acids, phenolic acid esters, flavonoids, cinnamic acid, cumaric acid, terpenes, hesperatin, nicotinic acid, and caffeic acid.^{19,8,30,1,20,31} Propolis also contains resins, balsams, essential oils, vitamins, minerals and pollen¹, propolin H²⁴, polyphenols, phenolic aldehydes, sequiterpene quinines, coumarins, steroids¹⁶, and phenylpropanoids (PPs)²⁰. Propolis of Brazilian origin is reported to be composed mainly of artepillin C and its constituents have been found to be different from those of propolis of European origin.³² Two prenylflavanones, propolin A and propolin B, have been isolated and characterized from Taiwanese propolis.³³
• Anti-inflammatory effects: There is preliminary in vitro and in vivo evidence that propolis suppresses the lipoxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism and decreases the synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes involved in inflammation.^22,21,19 Propolis has also demonstrated free radical-scavenging properties, and to a lesser extent, activity against the generation of superoxides.^34,35,5 Propolis may inhibit cellular apoptosis via effects on glutathione (GSH) and TNF-kappa B in macrophages.^36,6 Anticomplement activities of lysine complexes of propolis’ phenolic constituents have been demonstrated in vitro.³⁷ In a prospective, open human trial in 10 healthy subjects, Propolis XNP 500mg over 13 days did not significantly alter plasma cytokine levels.³⁸ Topical application of a 3%-7% propolis extract may be effective in inhibiting carrageenan-induced rat hind paw edema, and its inhibitory effect on the chemotaxis of PMNs may also contribute to the anti-inflammatory effect observed.² The anti-inflammatory effect of a standard ethanol extract G1 from Brazilian green propolis may be a due to inhibition of iNOS gene expression, through interference with NF-kappaB sites in the iNOS promoter.³
• Antimicrobial properties: Propolis contains flavonoids including pinocembrin, galangin, pinobanksin, and pinobanksin-3-acetate, which are thought to be responsible for antimicrobial effects. Laboratory studies have shown antibacterial effects against Enterococcus faecalis ³⁹, Clostridium, Bacteroides and Propionibacterium species¹⁴, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis and Streptococcus pyogenes⁴, and Helicobacter pylori strains²³. Propolis extracts that contain the constituents pinocembrin and galangin have been shown to inhibit the growth of Streptococcus mutans, an organism that causes dental caries. In vitro studies have shown propolis to inhibit bacterial growth by disrupting the cell wall, the cytoplasmic membrane, and the cytoplasm, causing a partial bacteriolysis and inhibition of cellular protein synthesis^40,41 Other in vitro experiments have demonstrated activity against Gram-positive bacteria.^{42,43,44,45,46,47} However, in an experiment designed to measure induction of resistance, Scheller et al. found that out of 62 strains ofStreptococcus aureus isolated from various sources, approximately 90% showed either initial reduced sensitivity or complete resistance to propolis, regardless of the concentration of the ethanol extract of propolis used.⁴⁶ The in vitro antiviral activity of propolis has been attributed to a synergistic action of both flavonoid and flavanol components in propolis.¹⁹ Studies evaluating the efficacy of isolated constituents have demonstrated minimal effectiveness compared to the natural compound.⁴⁸ Propolis has also been found to inhibit oral candidiasis.⁴⁹ In an in vitrostudy, an ethanolic extract of propolis was shown to inhibit growth and adherence of Giardia duodenalis trophozoites.⁵⁰ The level of inhibition varied according to the extract concentration and incubation times. The highest reduction of parasite growth was observed in cultures exposed to 125, 250 and 500mcg/mL of propolis, in all incubation periods (24, 48, 72, and 96 h). Growth reduction by 50% was observed in 125mcg/mL propolis-treated cultures, while the concentrations of 250 and 500mcg/mL were able to inhibit growth by more than 60%. Propolis also promoted the detachment of trophozoites. Light microscope observations revealed changes of the pear-shaped aspect of the cell and reduction of flagellar beating frequency in the great part of the trophozoites. In vitro, propolis has been shown to be cytotoxic for Candida albicans; though it did appear to affect epithelial cell adhesion, propolis appeared to inhibit other virulence factors of Candida albicans such as yeast-mycelial conversion (Y-M) and phospholipase activity in a dose-dependent manner.¹⁰ Additional laboratory study confirmed that propolis extract showed antifungal activity against Candida parapsilosis, Candida tropicalis, and Candida albicans at a concentration of 5 x 10(-2)mg/mL of flavonoids; a concentration of 2 x 10(-2)mg/mL of flavonoids stimulated their cellular death.⁵¹ Additional in vitro studies have confirmed the antifungal effects of propolis as well.⁵²
• Antineoplastic properties: Numerous studies have been conducted investigating the antiproliferative effects of propolis. In vitro cytotoxicity against human fibrosarcoma, human lung carcinoma, and murine colon carcinoma cells has been demonstrated by propolis and attributed to its benzofuran derivatives.^53,9,10,54 Other constituents such as artepillin C and diethyl ether have demonstrated cytostatic activity against myeloid cell lines.^32,55,11 Significant results have been seen against T-cell lines.¹¹ The propolis constituent galangin has been found to possess anti-genotoxic activity in vitro.^56,34 Chilean propolis has been shown to produce antiproliferative properties, which are correlated with its chemical composition and expressed by its capacity to scavenge free radicals and to inhibit tumor cell growth.⁵⁷ In an in vitro study, two prenylflavanones, propolin A and propolin B, isolated and characterized from Taiwanese propolis, induced cytotoxicity in human melanoma A2058 cells and showed a strong capability to scavenge free radicals.³³ The findings suggest that propolin A and propolin B may activate a mitochondria-mediated apoptosis pathway. Furthermore, in an in vitro study, the compound 2-hydroxy-3-(1,1-dimethylallyl)acetophenone showed significant selective cytotoxic activity (IC₅₀ < 9mcgg/mL).⁵⁸ In another in vitro study, results suggested that chemotherapy based on resveratrol and propolis, alone or in combination with vinorelbine, may be a potentially useful tool for prostate cancer therapy. The authors concluded that the increase in cell cycle control and the modulation of HSPs expression reinforce this suggestion.⁵⁹ Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), an active component of propolis, has been implicated in the regulation of cell growth and apoptosis, although the exact mechanism of this activity has not been elucidated.¹² All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) induces complete remission in a high proportion of patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL); however, the response is sometimes very slow.²⁵ It is suggested that CAPE possesses the potential to enhance the efficiency of ATRA in the differentiation therapy of APL. In an in vitro study, results showed that the drastic activation of HO-1 gene by CAPE and caffeic acid ethyl ester (CAEE) is dependent upon their chemical structures, rather than the reductive activity of polyphenols.²⁷ Furthermore, the effects of a propolis extract obtained by supercritical fluid extraction and CAPE on sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents were examined in HeLa cells and resistant sublines.²⁶ In HeLa cells, the sensitivity to paclitaxel and doxorubicin, substrates of MDR1, was unchanged in the presence of propolis. In HeLa/TXL cells, propolis increased sensitivity to these MDR1 substrates. The authors suggested that the extract inhibited the function of MDR1 and increased the sensitivity to MDR1 substrates in HeLa/TXL cells. In a cytotoxicity assay of CAPE in CT26 colon adenocarcinoma cells, a dose-dependent decrease in cell viability was observed, but no significant influence on the growth of human umbilical vein epithelial cells (HUVEC) was observed. A low concentration of CAPE (1.5mcg/mL) inhibited 52.7% of capillary-like tube formation in HUVEC culture on Matrigel. CAPE (6mcg/mL)-treated CT26 cells showed not only inhibited cell invasion by 47.8%, but also decreased the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production from CT26 cells was also inhibited by treatment with CAPE (6mcg/mL). Intraperitoneal injection of CAPE (10mg/kg per day) in BALB/c mice reduced the pulmonary metastatic capacity of CT26 cells accompanied with a decreased plasma VEGF level. CAPE treatment also prolonged the survival of mice implanted with CT26 cells. These results indicate that CAPE has potential as an antimetastatic agent.⁶⁰ The antitumor activity of a water-soluble derivative of propolis, caffeic acid, caffeic acid phenethyl ester, and quercetin may be related to the immunomodulatory properties of the compounds, their cytotoxicity to tumor cells, and their capacity to induce apoptosis and necrosis.⁶¹ In an in vitro study, propolin H, isolated from propolis, was found to inhibit the proliferation of human lung carcinoma cell lines.²⁴ These findings suggest that the induction of p21Waf1/Cip1 expression occurred through p53-dependent and independent pathways in propolin H-treated cells.
• Antioxidant properties: Chilean propolis has been shown to produce antioxidant properties, which are correlated with its chemical composition and expressed by its capacity to scavenge free radicals and to inhibit tumor cell growth.⁵⁷ Propolis has also been studied for antiradical properties to protect food from oxidation.⁶² Based on in vivo study, daily intake of powdered propolis extract may be time and gender related.⁶³ For men, after the initial 15 days of propolis treatment, a 23.2% (p=0.005) decrease in concentration of malondialdehyde was observed. After 30 days of treatment, a statistically significant (p=0.010) 20.9% increase in superoxide dismutase activity and a change in some of the red blood cell parameters were detected. For the women test group, the propolis treatment did not induce a change in any of the measured parameters. It has also been suggested that the potential antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties of propolis may be due to the action of phenylpropanoid constituents.²⁰
• Antiplatelet effects: A laboratory study examined the inhibitory mechanisms of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), derived from propolis, in platelet activation.⁸ CAPE (15 and 25mcM) was found to markedly inhibit platelet aggregation stimulated by collagen (2 mcg/mL). Since CAPE is involved in various inhibitory pathways of platelet aggregation, the authors concluded that propolis may be a potent antiplatelet agent.
• Anti-viral effects: Propolis has been shown to contain compounds that prevent HIV-1 accessory protein Nef-mediated cell lysis and increase proliferation of CD4 cells in HIV-infected cultures.²⁸
• Epithelial repair: Topically, propolis has been reported to accelerate epithelial repair after tooth extraction in animal models.⁶⁴
• Fertility protective effects: In an in vitro study, a Chilean propolis ethanolic extract was able to protect human spermatozoa genomic DNA by damage induced by benzo[a]pyrene, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), and hydrogen peroxide in combination with adenosine 5′-diphosphate (ADP) and ferrous sulfate (FeSO₄).¹⁸ The propolis extract studied was shown to protect sperm membranes from oxidative attack, via reducing TBARS formation and LDH release. The authors concluded that the protective effect of propolis in human spermatozoa may be correlated with antioxidant capacity and suggested that propolis may protect against male infertility.
• Immunomodulatory effects: In an animal study, the immunomodulatory actions of a water-soluble derivative of propolis (WSDP) and two components of propolis, caffeic acid (CA) and caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) were investigated.⁷ Oral administration (50mg/kg) of WSDP, CA, and CAPE enhanced the weight and cellularity of the spleen (p<0.05, p<0.01) of treated mice. The response of spleen cells to polyclonal mitogens was also increased in mice treated with WSDP as compared to control (p<0.01); in contrast, the response of spleen cells of mice treated with CA were significantly suppressed (p<0.001). Antitumor activity of the propolis compounds tested may be due to immunomodulatory actions, specifically augmentation of non-specific antitumor resistance in mice via macrophage activation and production of soluble factors interfering with tumor cells. In immunocompetent mice infected with Giardia lamblia trophozoites, propolis as a prophylaxis showed a significant decrease in intensity of infection and a significant increase in IF-gamma serum level and increase in CD4+: CD8+T-cell ratio.¹⁷ The propolis treatment caused a highly significant decrease in trophozoite count than that obtained by metronidazole (MTZ) six days after infection; however, the efficacy was almost equal after 12 days. The mice treated with propolis alone showed a reversed CD4+: CD8+ T-lymphocyte ratio; the authors noted that the strong immune-enhancing effect resulted in an undesirable increase in inflammatory response at the intestinal level. The combined propolis and metronidazole (MTZ) therapy showed a stronger efficacy in reducing the parasite count than that gained by each agent alone and caused an immunological balance as shown by the T-lymphocyte profile.
• Osteoporosis preventative effects: Propolis has been reported to contain trace amounts of ipriflavone, an isoflavone with purported efficacy in the prevention of osteoporosis. However, it is not clear if the presence of ipriflavone in propolis is of clinical significance.
• Periodontal effects: In an in vitro study, results showed that 10% propolis solution was an effective storage medium for the maintenance of periodontal ligament (PDL) cell viability of avulsed teeth.¹⁵ In an in vitro study, propolis caused some reduction in malodor production from the incubated whole saliva.⁶⁵
• Radioprotective effects: In animal studies, the radioprotector effect of propolis has been attributed to its free-radical scavenging properties.¹³ In an in vitro study examining the protective properties of propolis extract against DNA damage induced by gamma irradiation, a decrease in the radiation-induced chromosome aberrations has been observed to be higher than 50% for all the doses.

Pharmacodynamics/Kinetics:

• Literature review reveals scant evidence regarding the absorption, distribution, metabolism, or elimination of propolis either topically or orally. The flavonoids, many of which are found in propolis, are known to exhibit a wide range of solubility. In natural propolis, flavonoids exist as glycosides. Animal studies have found that byproducts of flavonoid metabolism do not accumulate in the body and are renally excreted.⁶⁶
• The in vitro biochemical stability of caffeic acid phenethyl ester in rat and human plasma was investigated and compared with the stability of other caffeic acid esters (chlorogenic acid and rosmarinic acid).⁶⁷ The results suggested that caffeic acid phenethyl ester is hydrolyzed also in vivo to caffeic acid as the major metabolite and that its biological activities should be more properly assayed and compared with those of caffeic acid, its bioactive hydrolysis product. The authors concluded that alcohols should be carefully used in vivo as solvents for caffeic acid phenethyl ester because they may give rise to new bioactive caffeic acid esters.
• In samples of whole blood of male Wistar rats incubated in sequence with an aqueous propolis extract at different concentrations, stannous chloride and 99mTc, as sodium pertechnetate, the aqueous propolis extract significantly decreased the percentage of incorporated radioactivity (%ATI) in plasma proteins at the higher concentration studied.²⁹ The results suggested that at high concentration, the constituents of propolis extracts may alter the labeling of plasma proteins competing with same binding sites of the 99mTc on the plasma proteins or acting as antioxidant compounds.
• Pharmacodynamics: In an in vitro study, prenyl compounds from propolis were tested for their cytotoxicity toward a diverse panel of cultured human tumor cell lines.⁵⁸ The compound 2-hydroxy-3-(1,1-dimethylallyl)acetophenone showed significant selective cytotoxic activity (IC₅₀ <9mcg/mL).
• In an in vitro study, a propolis extract showed antifungal activity against 67 yeasts (Candida parapsilosis 35%, C. tropicalis 23%, C. albicans 13%, and other species 29%) isolated from onychomycosis in patients: the concentration capable of inhibiting the all of the yeasts was 5 x 10(-2)mg/mL of flavonoids, and 2 x 10(-2)mg/mL of flavonoids stimulated their cellular death. Trichosporon sp. were the most sensitive species, showing MIC50 and MIC90 of 1.25 x 10(-2)mg/mL of flavonoids, and C. tropicalis was the most resistant, with CFM₅₀ of 5 x 10(-2)mg/mL of flavonoids and MFC₉₀ of 10 x 10(-2)mg/mL.
• Caffeic acid phenylethyl ester (CAPE), a component of propolis, as well as other derivatives of caffeic acid, up-regulated the expression of reporter gene for retinoic acid receptors (RARs).⁶⁸

References

1. De Vecchi, E. and Drago, L. [Propolis’ antimicrobial activity: what’s new?]. Infez Med2007;15(1):7-15. 17515670
2. Naito, Y., Yasumuro, M., Kondou, K., and Ohara, N. Antiinflammatory effect of topically applied propolis extract in carrageenan-induced rat hind paw edema. Phytother Res2007;21(5):452-456. 17262890
3. Paulino, N., Teixeira, C., Martins, R., Scremin, A., Dirsch, V. M., Vollmar, A. M., Abreu, S. R., de Castro, S. L., and Marcucci, M. C. Evaluation of the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of a Brazilian green propolis. Planta Med2006;72(10):899-906. 16902858
4. Speciale, A., Costanzo, R., Puglisi, S., Musumeci, R., Catania, M. R., Caccamo, F., and Iauk, L. Antibacterial activity of propolis and its active principles alone and in combination with macrolides, beta-lactams and fluoroquinolones against microorganisms responsible for respiratory infections. J Chemother2006;18(2):164-171. 16736885
5. Scheller, S., Wilczok, T., Imielski, S., and et al. Free radical scavenging by ethanol extract of propolis. Int J Radiat.Biol. 1990;57(3):461-465. 1968939
6. Pascual, C., Gonzalez, R., and Torricella, R. G. Scavenging action of propolis extract against oxygen radicals.J Ethnopharmacol  1994;41(1-2):9-13. 8170165
7. Orsolic, N., Saranovic, A. B., and Basic, I. Direct and indirect mechanism(s) of antitumour activity of propolis and its polyphenolic compounds. Planta Med2006;72(1):20-27. 16450291
8. Chen, T. G., Lee, J. J., Lin, K. H., Shen, C. H., Chou, D. S., and Sheu, J. R. Antiplatelet activity of caffeic acid phenethyl ester is mediated through a cyclic GMP-dependent pathway in human platelets. Chin J Physiol6-30-2007;50(3):121-126. 17867432
9. Banskota, A. H., Tezuka, Y., Midorikawa, K., Matsushige, K., and Kadota, S. Two novel cytotoxic benzofuran derivatives from Brazilian propolis. J Nat Prod2000;63(9):1277-1279. 11000036
10. Banskota, A. H., Tezuka, Y., Adnyana, I. K., and et al. Cytotoxic, hepatoprotective and free radical scavenging effects of propolis from Brazil, Peru, the Netherlands and China. J Ethnopharmacol2000;72(1-2):239-246. 10967477
11. Kimoto, T., Aga, M., Hino, K., and et.al. Apoptosis of human leukemia cells induced by Artepillin C, an active ingredient of Brazilian propolis. Anticancer Res2001;21(1A):221-228. 11299738
12. Xiang, D., Wang, D., He, Y., Xie, J., Zhong, Z., Li, Z., and Xie, J. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester induces growth arrest and apoptosis of colon cancer cells via the beta-catenin/T-cell factor signaling. Anticancer Drugs2006;17(7):753-762. 16926625
13. Montoro, A., Almonacid, M., Serrano, J., Saiz, M., Barquinero, J. F., Barrios, L., Verdu, G., Perez, J., and Villaescusa, J. I. Assessment by cytogenetic analysis of the radioprotection properties of propolis extract. Radiat Prot Dosimetry2005;115(1-4):461-464. 16381767
14. Boyanova, L., Kolarov, R., Gergova, G., and Mitov, I. In vitro activity of Bulgarian propolis against 94 clinical isolates of anaerobic bacteria. Anaerobe2006;12(4):173-177. 16919977
15. Ozan, F., Polat, Z. A., Er, K., Ozan, U., and Deger, O. Effect of propolis on survival of periodontal ligament cells: new storage media for avulsed teeth. J Endod2007;33(5):570-573. 17437874
16. Khalil, M. L. Biological activity of bee propolis in health and disease.Asian Pac J Cancer Prev  2006;7(1):22-31. 16629510
17. Abdel-Fattah, N. S. and Nada, O. H. Effect of propolis versus metronidazole and their combined use in treatment of acute experimental giardiasis. J Egypt Soc Parasitol  2007;37(2 Suppl):691-710. 17926808
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Izvor: www.sigmaaldrich.com

Bee Propolis Tinctures-Liquid Herbal Extracts & Benefits
Considered one of nature’s miracles, Bee Propolis has a long history of medicinal use, dating back to 350 B.C., the time of Aristotle. Propolis acts as a wonderful first line of defense against illness with its antibacterial, antibiotic, anti-inflammatory and exceptionally potent antiviral properties. It has been used in the past internally to combat bacterial, fungal, parasitic, and viral infections like tuberculosis, candidiasis, malaria, and colds. In Europe, Bee Propolis extract is used for the treatment of peptic ulcers and ulcerative colitis. It is thought to have a healing effect on internal digestive organs, including the stomach and intestines. The influence of Bee Propolis is extremely broad, it includes cancer, infection of the urinary tract, swelling of the throat, sinus congestion, viral infections, bronchitis, diseases of the ears, chicken pox, varicose veins, pneumonia, arthritis, lung disease, stomach virus, diverticulitis, headaches, Parkinson’s disease, arteriosclerosis, sclerosis, circulation deficiencies, warts, viral infection like herpes simplex and skin disease like psoriasis and eczema, depression, insomnia, conjunctivitis and hoarseness. Propolis is an almost indispensable dietary supplement that helps to ward off colds and other viral infections, chronic coughs, infection and may even help to alleviate asthma. A study found that an ointment containing Bee Propolis is able to heal genital herpes lesions. Good results have been reported for the use of Bee Propolis on burns, surgical wounds, and other topical wounds. Other studies found that Propolis extracts may have a positive effect on the liver by protecting it from alcohol or environmental toxins. It also holds promise for dental conditions like gingivitis, cavities, mouth ulcers, and periodontal disease. Immune-enhancing it is loaded with virtually every nutrient that we need for daily function. It is believed to be an excellent supplement for building up the immune system, forming antibodies and helpful in cases of staphylococcus, streptococcus, salmonella, proteus vulgaris, and Koch’s bacillus infections.
The immune system, the key to protection against infection, aging and cellular destruction, has been shown to become rejuvenated through the use of all-natural food substance created in beehives, Bee Propolis. It offers hope for extending the prime of life by building resistance to aging and many illnesses through the use of Bee Propolis extract to strengthen the cellular defenses. Researchers have discovered that it prevents disease in the colony by inhibiting the growth of fungi, viruses, bacteria and other microbes. Naturopaths point out that it is one of the most powerful topical antimicrobial agent humans can use.
To a greater extent than the other bee products, it is used externally as well as ingested. It is often applied to skin irritations, cuts, rashes and bruises to sterilize and disinfect. It is used in tincture form as a natural alternative to penicillin and other antibiotics. Used as an antibiotic it is said to be particularly safe and effective and inhibits resistance-building effects that are seen as a negative factor with prescription antibiotics. Austrailian scientists found that Bee Propolis increases the effectiveness of penicillin or other antibiotics from 10 to 100 fold.
It is said to stimulate the thymus gland and thus boost the thyroid gland for improved immunity and resistance to infections and considered a powerful antioxidant that has shown promise in combating liver disorders and the deleterious effects of free radical damage to cells.
Bee Propolis is believed to possess superior healing properties with its ability to accelerate new cell growth. This healing quality is thought to help relieve the discomforts of the stomach and intestinal ulcers. Propolis has shown to be effective in protecting the liver against alcohol and tetrachloride.
There is interest in the properties of Bee Propolis for cold sores based on studies in „Phytomedicine“. In the study, researchers found that 80 percent of people with genital herpes who used Propolis tincture in ointment experienced healing within 10 days compared to 47 percent of the people with genital herpes who used the prescription drug acyclovir. Although genital herpes and cold sores are different conditions, they are caused by the same virus and those with this condition might also benefit.

Topical Propolis extract works against herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 outbreaks, HSV-2 causes genital herpes, while HSV-1 causes cold sores and sometimes genital herpes.

And may help treat the complications involved with the virus Varicella zoster, which causes chickenpox and shingles.
For the treatment of Neurofibromatosis, it has been found to be quite helpful for the genetic disorder that causes coffee-colored skin patches and can produce tumors in nerve tissues in the ears, brain, spinal cord and other places in the body. A study found that Propolis effectively stops tumor growth in a group of cancer patients. A study recently published in the American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology demonstrating its effect on breast cancer cells. It was shown to induce cell death in the human breast carcinoma cell called MCF-7. In 24 hours the Propolis extract was able to kill 13% of cancer cells. In other studies, Propolis killed prostate cancer cells and colon cancer cells.

MRSA is the potentially deadly bacteria so commonly found in hospitals throughout the world that is resistant to most antibiotics. The antibacterial of Propolis has been tested and shown to have an activity against the standard and resistant strains of MRSA and E. coli.

You can apply Propolis tincture to your skin in creams, sprays or they may be taken by mouth. Topically, it has been used to help treat wounds, rheumatoid arthritis, cervicitis, vaginitis, vaginal infections and has some benefits for people with conjunctival eye lesions and other eye infections. It has also been found to be very useful for treating gingivitis or peridontal disease according to studies in Oral Health & Preventive Dentistry. Animal studies showed Propolis infused with water reduced the number of dental cavities and it was determined that using it in a mouthwash sped the healing from oral surgery, according to the Journal of Nihon University School of Dentistry.

Some new research indicates the possibility of using Bee Propolis to promote healthy blood pressure levels and reduce arteriosclerosis, thereby lessening the possible risks of coronary heart ailments.

Taking Propolis tincture/extract could improve conception rates in women with infertility or endometriosis, this was reported in 2003 in an issue of Fertility & Sterility. The study indicated that consumption of 500 mg twice daily resulted in pregnancy rate of 60% as opposed to 20% for women who did not take Propolis extracts. It has been shown to be effective in treating the symptoms of PMS and other hormonal problems.

Externally used, Bee Propolis is beneficial as a topical antibiotic salve for abrasions and bruises because of its germicidal/antibacterial effects. As an acne medication the anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory properties have shown to be very effective. It has also shown to be to reduce inflammation of burnt skin, as in second degree burns by the substance it contains called arginine. Studies show that it stimulates enzyme systems, cell metabolism, circulation and collagen formation.

Ingredients: Bee Propolis, 96% Alcohol.

Instructions: Use 10-20 drops in juice or water, or under the tongue. May be taken 2-4 times daily. Shake well. Store in cool dark place. Keep out of reach of children.

Contraindications: Some people have been known to be allergic to Bee products and should avoid them, as ingestion may result in severe allergic reaction, including anaphylaxis, an acute allergic response, which may be life threatening. Before taking Bee Propolis Herbal Supplement, it is wise to take a small amount at first, and if any sneezing, discomfort or rash occurs, discontinue use immediately.

Disclaimer: The information presented herein by Herbal Alchemy is intended for educational purposes only. These statements have not been evaluated by the FDA and are not intended to diagnose, cure, treat or prevent disease. Individual results may vary, and before using any supplements, it is always advisable to consult with your own health care provider.

Propolis Bundesanzeiger Nr. 142 /161 vom 30.7.1994 /26.8.1994

Monographie BGA/BfArM (Kommission D)

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