Preparati

PREPARATI OD PELINA
Tinktura od Pelina sadrži niz lekovitih jedinjenja, pre svega eterično ulje, sastavljeno od niza komplikovanih organskih jedinjenja.
Ljudi su vekovima koristili pelin za bolju probavu, čišćenje od parazita, stimuliranje menstrualnog ciklusa, bolesti jetre i žučne kesice. Primenjivali su ga i kod poroda, da trudnici olakšaju trudove.
Tinktura od Pelina poznata je kao najjači otrov protiv parazita.

Hemijski sastav. Sadrži gorke seskviterpenske laktone (absintin, anabsintin, matricin…) koji oslabljuju membrane parazita, i na taj način ih ubija, eterično ulje (tujon, tujol, azulen…), flavonoid artemizetin, tanine, saponine, organske kiseline, vitamin C, karotin, molibden, selen, brom… thujoni i isothujoni – ubijaju parazite, sadrži santonin, lek za bolesti uzrokovane parazitima.

Pelin je moćan lek za malariju. Puno je bolji od kinina, koji je vrlo toksičan.

anthelmintik – uništava parazite
antiseptik – sprečava i zaustavlja rast mikroorganizama
antispasmodik – sprečava i olakšava spazme i grčeve
karminativ – odstranjuje gasove, koji se sakupljaju u GI sistemu
holagog – pomaže stvaranju žuči, što poboljšava rad jetre i žučne kesice
emenagog – stimulira menstrualni ciklus
febrifug (antipiretik) – suzbija visoku temperaturu
hipnotik – izaziva pospanost (pomaže kod nesanice)
stomahik – poboljšava probavu
tonik – okrepljuje, obnavlja i oporavlja organizam
stimulant – privremeno povećava ili ubrzava rad organizma, jača organizam
-deluje protiv neugodnog zadaha iz usta
-protiv bolesti jetre i želuca.

Mnogostruka lekovita delovanja pelina povoljno deluju na celokupni organizam tako da indirektno pomaže kod niza tegoba koje direktno ne spadaju u oblasti gde pelin deluje.

BILJNI PREPARATI PELINA:

TINKTURA, PELIN HSS hidroetanolni tečni ekstrakt sušene biljke, DER 1:5,

MATIČNA TINKTURA, PELIN TM hidroetanolni tečni ekstrakt sveže samonikle biljke, DER 1:2.

Absinthii herbae tinctura DER 1:5,

Absinthii herbae recentis extractum ethanolicum liquidum DER 1:2.

ATC:

U skladu sa:

Based on Article 10a of Directive 2001/83/EC as amended (well-established use),

Based on Article 16d(1), Article 16f and Article 16h of Directive 2001/83/EC as amended (traditional use), DIRECTIVE 2004/24/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 31 March 2004.

Eu. Ph. 2015 monografijom: 1380 Absinthii herba,

EMEA/HMPC/234463/2008, Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC) od 16.07.2009.: Community herbal monograph on Artemisia absinthium L., herba

EMEA/HMPC/234444/2008, Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC) od 16.07.2009.: Assessment report on Artemisia absinthium L., herba

Fr. Ph. 2002 ANSM, Pharmacopée française 2002 (French Pharmacopoeia 2002): Artemisia absinthium ad praeparationes homoeopathicas.

B.P.C. Tinctura Absinthii, —TINCTURE OF ABSINTHIUM. 1:10.(The British Pharmaceutical Codex, 1911, was published by direction of the Council of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain.)

Pelin je oficijelan prema farmakopeji bivše Jugoslavije. Upotrebljava se: Herba Absinthii.
Oficijelna je prema: B.P.C (1934), Brit. Herb.Pharm (1983).
Nemačka Komisija E: The Complete German Comission E Monographs, 1988. Američko izdanje, str. 232.

Biljni preparati u tečnom obliku (nerazblaženi ili razblaženi) za oralnu i lokalnu upotrebu.

a) Artemisia absinthium L., herba (Wormwood fresh, areal part, blooming plant).

Sastav:

a) tečni ekstrat (DER 1:2), ekstrakcioni rastvarač etanol 65% (v/v),

Artemisia absinthium L., sadrži 75 istraženih bioaktivnih hemijskih jedinjenja koja ispoljavaju 334 dejstava (*podaci ažurirani septembra 2016.).

Sadržaj:

a) minimalno 0,05% m/m ukupnih dihidroksicinamskih derivata (dihydroxycinnamic derivatives) u obliku hloragenske kiseline (chlorogenic acid) (MF: C₁₆H₁₈O₉, MW: 354,30872 g/mol⁻¹),

b) u većoj koncentraciji sadrži TANNIN, ASCORBIC-ACID, α -thujone, β -thujone, CHAMAZULENE (najviše posle Matricaria recutita i Achillea millefolium), β -CAROTENE, ARTEMETIN , NICOTINIC-ACID

c) više od svih biljaka sadrži TRANS-EPOXYOCIMENE, CIS-EPOXYOCIMENE,

Indikacije:

Biljni preparati su namenjeni poboljšanju opšteg stanja organizma kroz razna naučno dokazana dejstva.

Upotreba kod gastrointestinalnih i kožnih tegoba.

Dr. Džems Djuk (Dr. James Duke) u Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, 2nd Ed. (2002). CRC Press, navodi sledeće:

– ima jako dejstvo kod: anorexia, biliary dyskinesia, cholecystosis, dyspepsia, hepatosis.  crevnih infekcija parazitima, pantljičarom i ostalim parazitima, kod nefunkcionalnih problema sa varenjem, nauzeje i vomitusa (mučnine i povraćanja), kod hroničnog umora i rekonvalescencije (oporavka).

Efikasan protiv Taenia spp., Ascaris lumbricoides, Enterobius spp., i ostalih crevnih parazita.

– delotvoran kod: crevnih parazita, valjkastih glista (askarijaze), enterobijaze (MKB-10 B80), bacteria, colic, cramp, fever, fungus, gas, infection, inflammation, malaria, mycosis, pain, parasite, pinworm, roundworm, worm

– u narodnoj medicini kod: bolova u stomaku, opšteg umora, bolesti kretanja, ublažava mučninu i nauzeju, aperitiv, kao tonik kod rekonvalescenata; abecedno: amenorrhea, anemia, arthrosis, atonia, bruise, bug bite, callus, Ca.( breast, face, foot, groin, larynx, liver, limb, sinus, spleen, stomach, testes, tongue, uterus); chest, cold, childbirth, cold; corn, dermatosis, diarrhea; dropsy; dysmenorrhea, edema enterosis; flu fracture gastrosis gout, gravel, head cold, induration, insomnia, jaundice leukemia, myosis, nervousness, neuralgia, orchosis, rheumatism, scleroma, splenosis, sprain, stomachache, TB, ulcer, wound, 

– spoljašnja primena kod: ujeda insekata, antiseptik, sa natopljenom gazom preko rana, u obliku vrućih kataplazmi,

– upotrebljava se kao:  jak aperitiv, bitter, sialagog, zatim kao antibacterial, antiinflammatory, antipyretic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, cholagogue, choleretic, depressant, diaphoretic, digestive, emmenagogue, filaricide, fungicide, gastrogogue, hepatoprotective, Insecticide, Insectifuge, narcotic, plasmodistat, pulicide, secretagogue,  vulnerary, anthelmintic, appetizer, febrifuge, homeopathy, hypnotic, stimulant, stomachic, tonic, vermifuge; u tradicionalnoj narodnoj medicini kao  abortifacient, analgesic, cardiotonic, deobstruent, depurative, discutient, lactagogue, poison, sedative, stimulant, stomachic, tonic,

– redosled dejstva po broju aktivnih bioaktivnih hemijskih jedinjenja: pesticide, antioxidant, antibacterial, antiseptic, antiradicular, Cancer-preventive, antiinflammatory, antitumor, aldose-reductase-Inhibitor, antihepatotoxic, fungicide, antispasmodic, antiulcer, antiperoxidant, antimutagenic, chemopreventive, anticancer, antiviral, antitumor-promoter, antifeedant, choleretic, flavor, Immunostimulant, antiherpetic, hypoglycemic, ubiquiot, lipoxygenase-Inhibitor, antifeedant, allergenic, analgesic, allelopathic, insectifuge, antiedemic, vulnerary, hypotensive, antirheumatic, antipyretic, antiarthritic, antidiabetic, cardioprotective,

Doziranje i način primene:

2 mL (80 kapi) podeljeno u 2 do 4 doze.(1-2 ml liquid herb extract (Peirce -1999; Williamson and Evans -1989).

Biljni preparat PELIN HSS i TM:

pojedinačna doza: 0,5-1 mL, preporučena dnevna doza (PDD): 2 mL.

Oralna (sat vremena pre obroka) i lokalna primena.

Upotreba na koži: aplicirati na obolelo mesto u tankom sloju ili obliku impregniranog zavoja.

Napraviti pauzu posle 4 nedelje neprekidne upotrebe. NA KORISTITI DUŽE OD 4 NEDELJE U KONTINUITETU.

Po preporukama, preparat postiže najbolje efekte pri upotrebi od 8 do 12 nedelja, duža upotreba je bezbedna uz pauze (4 nedelje upotrebe zatim 2 nedelje pauze).

Kontraindikacije:

preosetljivost na aktivne supstance, preosetljivost na biljke porodice (genus Artemisia, family Asteraceae).

Izbegavati ako želite da ostanete trudni, izbegavati tokom trudnoće i dojenja. Ne prekoračivati preporučenu dnevnu dozu. Biljka je otrovna ako se koristi u velikim količinama. Čak i male količine mogu da izazovu nervne poremećaje, konvulzije, nesanicu itd. Sam miris biljke može da izazove glavobolje i nervoze kod nekih ljudi. U malim količinama deluju kao stimulans mozga, ali su otrovni u višku. Osetljive osobe treba da je izbegavaju.

Kontraindikacije, interakcije, sporedni efekti – Klasa bezbednosti 2b, 2d. Emenagog i uterotonik. Kontraindikacija GI čir.
Neželjeni efekti zbog predoziranja tujonom: uključuju oštećenja mozga, konvulzije, čak i smrt; nesanica, mučnina, oštećenje bubrega (retki), epi napadi,  zadržavanje mokraće, vrtoglavica, halucinacije,  gubitak intelekta, psihoze, drhtanje-tremor, želudačni i crevni grčevi, povraćanje.

Newall, Anderson, and Phillipson (1996) upozoravaju da tujon u različitim nestabilnim uljima može izazvati ozbiljne gastroze i grčeve. Dokumentovane su smrti povezane sa uzimanjem nekih takvih ulja (smrtnih slučajeva je bilo i sa nekontrolisanom upotrebom infuzija i praškova). Takva ulja ne bi trebalo da se interno ili eksterno koriste. Zbog abortifacientne i jake uterotoničke aktivnosti prouzrokovane tujonom u takvim uljima, njihovu upotrebu u trudnoći i dojenju treba obavezno izbegavati.

UPOZORENJE:
Dr Djuke navodi sledeće:
All phytochemicals have their good and bad sides, safe and toxic doses; thujone is pretty negative.
(Sve fitohemikalije imaju dobre i loše strane, sigurne i toksične doze, tujon je prilično negativan.)
Lininger et al. (1998) navodi sledeće:
Absinthin and anabsinthin stimulate digestion.
(Absintin i anabsintin stimulišu varenje.)
EO may kill worms but also damage the nerves – CNS.
(Etarska ulja mogu ubiti crve (parazite) ali i da oštete nerve – centralni nervni sistem).

NE KORISTITI PREPARATE PELINA BEZ KONSULTACIJE SA ZDRAVSTVENIM PROFESIONALCEM, LEKAROM ILI FARMACEUTOM, POSEBNO KONCENTRATE TIPA ETERIČNOG ULJA (PRE UPOTREBE EO SE MORA OBAVEZNO RAZBLAŽITI).

Čuvanje:

na tamnom, suvom i hladnom mestu do 20˚C, van domašaja dece i izlaganja EM zračenju,  u dobro zatvorenoj originalnoj ambalaži.

Rok upotrebe:

5 godina, posle prvog otvaranja 6 meseci.

Pakovanje:

50 mL i 100 mL, farmaceutske braon bočice standarno, 250 mL, 500 mL, 1L i 5 L na zahtev.

Nutritivne informacije:

PELIN HSS i TM:

a) energetska vrednost u 100 mL: 1504 kJ/ 360 kcal,

u preporučenoj dnevnoj dozi (PDD) 2 mL: 30kJ/ 7,17 kcal,

suve materije (DR) više od 1,0% (Fr. Ph.).

Bez konzervanasa, proteina, masti i ugljenih hidrata.

PELIN HSS i TM su rukom rađeni proizvodi. 

CENOVNIK

TINKTURA, PELIN HSS, 500,00/ 50 mL, 1000,00/ 100 mL, hidroetanolni tečni ekstrakt svežih listova samonikle biljke, DER 1:2,

MATIČNA TINKTURA, PELIN TM, 600,00/ 50 mL, 1200,00/ 100 mL, hidroetanolni tečni ekstrakt sveže samonikle biljke, DER 1:2.

Podaci ažurirani septembra 2016.

Poželjno pogledati i ostale informacije na:

http://www.biljni-preparati.com/preparati/pelin-artemisia-absinthium-l-2/   

Artemisia absinthium (Asteraceae) Common name: Wormwood; How used: Medicinal;

Activities: 334

All Chemicals: 75 Chemicals w/Activities: 27
VAŽNA NAPOMENA: SVE DEJSTVA SU POTKREPLJENA REFERENCAMA.

– (redosled dejstva po broju aktivnih bioaktivnih hemijskih jedinjenja)

pesticide, antioxidant, antibacterial, antiseptic, antiradicular, Cancer-preventive, antiinflammatory, antitumor, aldose-reductase-Inhibitor, antihepatotoxic, fungicide, antispasmodic, antiulcer, antiperoxidant, antimutagenic, chemopreventive, anticancer, antiviral, antitumor-promoter, antifeedant, choleretic, flavor, Immunostimulant, antiherpetic, hypoglycemic, ubiquiot, lipoxygenase-Inhibitor, antifeedant, allergenic, analgesic, allelopathic, insectifuge, antiedemic, vulnerary, hypotensive, antirheumatic, antipyretic, antiarthritic, antidiabetic, cardioprotective

Reference:

Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.

Hagerman, A.E. Tannin-Protein Interactions. Phenolic Compounds in Food and Their Effects on Health, Ch.19.

Toyomizu, M., Sugiyama, S., Jin, R. L., Nakatsu, T. 1993. Alpha-Glucosidase and Aldose Reductase Inhibitors: Constituents of Cashew, Anacardium occidentale, Nut Shell Liquids. Phytotherapy Research, 7(3): 252-254.

Nigg, H.N. and Seigler, D.S., eds. 1992. Phytochemical Resources for Medicine and Agriculture. Plenum Press, New York. 445 pp.

Newall, C. A., Anderson, L. A. and Phillipson, J. D. 1996. Herbal Medicine – A Guide for Health-care Professionals. The Pharmaceutical Press, London. 296pp.

Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).

Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 1: 124.

Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 235.

Russell, G. B., Phytochemical resources for crop protection, N. Z. J. Technol., 2, 1986, 127-134.

Aloe Research Council – Duke writeup of non-peer reviewd book by Coats and draft by Henry

Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X – The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95

Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London. 791 pp.

Jacobson, M., Glossary of Plant-Derived Insect Deterrents, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 213 p, 1990.

Uchida, U., Ohta, H., Niwa, M., Mori, A., Nonaka, G-i., Nishioka, I., and Zaki, M. 1989. Prolongation of Life Span of Stroke-Prone Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHRSP) Ingesting Persimmon Tannin. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 38(4): 1049-1052, 1990.

Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor &

Jin, G-Z., Yamagata, Y., and Tomita, K.-i. 1989. Structure of Rutin Pentamethanol. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 38(2): 297-300, 1990.

Tinktura pelina (Artemisia absinthium) 1:5 Florida herbal pharmacy

PELIN (ARTEMISIA ABSINTHIUM)

TINKTURA OD PELINA

—Parts Used—The whole herb – leaves and tops – gathered in July and August, when the plant is in flower and dried.

—Medicinal Action and Uses—Tonic, stomachic, febrifuge, anthelmintic.

A nervine tonic, particularly helpful against the falling sickness and for flatulence. It is a good remedy for enfeebled digestion and debility.

Wormwood

—Preparations—Fluid extract, 1/2 to 1 drachm. Wormwood Tea, made from 1 OZ. of the herb, infused for 10 to 12 minutes in 1 pint of boiling water, and taken in wineglassful doses, will relieve melancholia and help to dispel the yellow hue of jaundice from the skin, as well as being a good stomachic, and with the addition of fixed alkaline salt, produced from the burnt plant, is a powerful diuretic in some dropsical cases. The ashes yield a purer alkaline salt than most other vegetables, except Beanstalks and Broom.

The juice of the larger leaves which grow from the root before the stalk appears has been used as a remedy for jaundice and dropsy, but it is intensely nauseous. A light infusion of the tops of the plant, used fresh, is excellent for all disorders of the stomach, creating an appetite, promoting digestion and preventing sickness after meals, but it is said to produce the contrary effect if made too strong.

The flowers, dried and powdered, are most effectual as a vermifuge, and used to be considered excellent in agues. The essential oil of the herb is used as a worm-expeller, the spirituous extract being preferable to that distilled in water. The leaves give out nearly the whole of their smell and taste both to spirit and water, but the cold water infusions are the least offensive.

The intensely bitter, tonic and stimulant qualities have caused Wormwood not only to be an ingredient in medicinal preparations, but also to be used in various liqueurs, of which absinthe is the chief, the basis of absinthe being absinthol, extracted from Wormwood. Wormwood, as employed in making this liqueur, bears also the name ‘Wermuth’ – preserver of the mind – from its medicinal virtues as a nervine and mental restorative. If not taken habitually, it soothes spinal irritability and gives tone to persons of a highly nervous temperament. Suitable allowances of the diluted liqueur will promote salutary perspiration and may be given as a vermifuge. Inferior absinthe is generally adulterated with copper, which produces the characteristic green colour.

The drug, absinthium, is rarely employed, but it might be of value in nervous diseases such as neurasthenia, as it stimulates the cerebral hemispheres, and is a direct stimulant of the cortex cerebri. When taken to excess it produces giddiness and attacks of epileptiform convulsions. Absinthium occurs in the British Pharmacopoeia in the form of extract, infusion and tincture, and is directed to be extracted also from A. maritima, the Sea Wormwood, which possesses the same virtues in a less degree, and is often more used as a stomachic than the Common Wormwood. Commercially this often goes under the name of Roman Wormwood, though that name really belongs to A. Pontica. All three species were used, as in Culpepper’s time.

Dr. John Hill (1772) recommends Common Wormwood in many forms. He says:
‘The Leaves have been commonly used, but the flowery tops are the right part. These, made into a light infusion, strengthen digestion, correct acidities, and supply the place of gall, where, as in many constitutions, that is deficient. One ounce of the Flowers and Buds should be put into an earthen vessel, and a pint and a half of boiling water poured on them, and thus to stand all night. In the morning the clear liquor with two spoonfuls of wine should be taken at three draughts, an hour and a half distance from one another. Whoever will do this regularly for a week, will have no sickness after meals, will feel none of that fulness so frequent from indigestion, and wind will be no more troublesome; if afterwards, he will take but a fourth part of this each day, the benefit will be lasting.’
He further tells us that if an ounce of these flowers be put into a pint of brandy and let to stand six weeks, the resultant tincture will in a great measure prevent the increase of gravel – and give great relief in gout. ‘The celebrated Baron Haller has found vast benefit by this; and myself have very happily followed his example.’

X X X X X

Pelin (Artemisia absinthium L.)

U PRIPREMI

Anthelmintic; Antiseptic; Antispasmodic; Appetizer; Carminative; Cholagogue; Emmenagogue; Febrifuge; Homeopathy; Hypnotic; Stimulant;
Stomachic; Tonic; Vermifuge.

Content: minimum 0.05 per cent m/m of total dihydroxycinnamic derivatives, expressed as chlorogenic acid (C16H18O9; Mr 354.3).

L’absinthe est une plante utilisée principalement pour lutter contre les maux d’estomac. En infusion, elle aide aussi à traiter la fatigue ou certains troubles comme le mal de mer. Tonique et apéritive, l’absinthe est aussi un vermifuge. Les propriétés médicinales de cette plante des Alpes sont multiples et connues depuis l’Antiquité.
absintheNom scientifique : Artemisia absinthium

Noms communs : absinthe, grande absinthe, aluyne, armoise, herbe sainte, herbe aux vers, absinthe suisse, armoise amère

Nom anglais : absinthe wormwood

Classification botanique : famille des astéracées ( Asteraceae )

Formes et préparations : infusions, décoctions, teinture mère

Propriétés médicinales de l’absinthe

UTILISATION INTERNE

Tonifiante : prise en infusion, l’absinthe est utilisée pour lutter contre la fatigue ou dans le cadre d’une convalescence. Antinauséeuse : elle apaise les nausées ainsi que le mal de mer (ou le mal des transports). Antiparasitaire : cette plante peut être absorbée en cas de vers intestinaux (ascaris ou oxyures). Stomachique : elle diminue les troubles digestifs, les ballonnements et les flatulences.

UTILISATION EXTERNE

Antiseptique : en décoction, l’absinthe sera appliquée avec une compresse sur une plaie ou une piqûre d’insecte. Elle s’utilise également en cataplasmes chauds.

INDICATIONS THÉRAPEUTIQUES USUELLES

Parasites comme les vers intestinaux ou le ténia ; problèmes digestifs non fonctionnels ; nausées et vomissements ; mal des transports ; fatigue ou convalescence.

AUTRES INDICATIONS THÉRAPEUTIQUES DÉMONTRÉES

Apéritive, l’absinthe est un stimulant de l’appétit. Elle peut être utile pour traiter une fièvre, une grippe ou toute autre affection virale. En collyre, elle fortifie les yeux.

Mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris)

Synonyms / Common Names / Related Terms

Ai ye, arbre aux cent gouts, armoise, armoise commune, artemisia, Artemisia vulgaris, Artemisia vulgaris L., Artemisia vulgaris pollen, Artemisia vulgaris R., Artemisiae vulgaris herba, Artemisiae vulgaris radix, Asteraceae (family), baru cina, bijvoet, black stalk, borneol, Carline thistle, cernobyl (Czech), chernobyl (Russian), chornobyl (Ukrainian), chrysanthemum weed, cineole, common mugwort, common wormwood, darkgrass, Douglas mugwort, felon herb, fuchiba, Gemeiner Beifuss, genje jawa, hierba de San Juan, hiyam, hydroxy-coumarins, Japanese wormwood, linalool, lipohilic flavonoids, moxa, moxa rolls, nagadamni, pinene, polyn’ obyknovennaya, prunasin, sailor’s tobacco, St. John’s plant, suket ganjahan, sundamala, thujone, triterpenes, tzu ai, vulgarin, wild wormwood, wormseed, yomogi, yomogiko.
Note: Mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris) should not be confused with wormwood (Artemisia absinthium), tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus), or St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum L.), despite similar names.

Bioactive products found in Artemisia vulgaris

Mechanism of Action

Pharmacology:

• Constituents: The volatile oil of mugwort includes thujone, linalool, borneol, and pinene. The herb also contains coumarins, hydroxy-coumarins, lipohilic flavonoids, vulgarin, prunasin, and triterpenes.
• Allergenicity activity: The major allergen of Artemisia vulgaris pollen is Art v1.^2,3,4,5,6,7 Art v1 is a cross-reactive allergen.⁸ This glycoprotein allergen had a protein to carbohydrate ratio of 10:1 and the carbohydrate part contained mannose (70.7%), N-acetyl-glucosamine (17.0%), glucose (7.0%) and galactose (5.3%).⁶ The IgE-binding capacity, as determined by means of ELISA, was slightly higher for native (n)Art v1 than for recombinant (r)Art v1, and both allergens were able to induce T-cell proliferation in sensitized patients.⁷
• Profilins are prominent allergens that have been isolated from Artemesia vulgaris.^9,10,11 Lipid transfer proteins (LTP) are also present in mugwort pollens. Antigenic activity and IgE binding site of mugwort pollen is present on the surface of its exine.¹² Allergoids of a pollen extract of Artemisia vulgaris have been obtained by means of potassium cyanate, and succinic and maleic anhydride.¹³ The most reduced allergenicity was seen in the succinyl derivative, while the preservation of IgG binding epitopes was highest for the carbamyl derivative.
• Mugwort pollen grains incubated in protein-free buffer secrete significant amounts of eicosanoid-like substances, namely leukotriene B4-like and prostaglandin E2-like substances.¹⁴
• Mugwort pollen has exhibited the greatest degree of cross-reactivity with sunflower pollen.¹⁵
• When the allergenic potency of mugwort pollen extracts was evaluated, an early study found a poor correlation between the results of skin tests and the results of Phadebas RAST for determination of specific IgE to mugwort.¹⁶
• Antiviral activity: Moxa smoke preparations have demonstrated no apparent anti-HIV activity.^17,18
• Cytotoxic activity: Art v1 is the major cytotoxic agent of moxa and shows cytotoxic activity against human tumor cell lines.^1,17,18 Moxa smoke dose-dependently induced internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, activation of caspases 3, 8 and 9, and slightly modified the expression of apoptosis-related proteins (Bcl-2, Bad, Bax) in HL-60 cells, but to much lesser extents than attained by positive controls (UV irradiation, actinomycin D treatment).¹⁸ Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy showed that moxa smoke generated semiquinone-type radicals under alkaline conditions, and scavenged O₂(-), hydroxyl radical, singlet oxygen, and NO.¹⁸
• A cyanogenic glucoside, prunasin (D-mandelonitrile-beta-D-glucoside), was isolated from mugwort and found to be a novel inhibitor of DNA polymerase beta.¹⁹

Pharmacodynamics/Kinetics:

• Insufficient available evidence.

References

1. Hatsukari, I. et al. Partial purification of cytotoxic substances from moxa extract. Anticancer Res2002;22(5):2777-2782. 12529996
2. Bauer, R., Himly, M., Dedic, A., Ferreira, F., Thalhamer, J., and Hartl, A. Optimization of codon usage is required for effective genetic immunization against Art v 1, the major allergen of mugwort pollen. Allergy2003;58(10):1003-1010. 14510717
3. Himly, M., Jahn-Schmid, B., Dedic, A., Kelemen, P., Wopfner, N., Altmann, F., van Ree, R., Briza, P., Richter, K., Ebner, C., and Ferreira, F. Art v 1, the major allergen of mugwort pollen, is a modular glycoprotein with a defensin-like and a hydroxyproline-rich domain. FASEB J.2003;17(1):106-108. 12475905
4. Jahn-Schmid, B., Kelemen, P., Himly, M., Bohle, B., Fischer, G., Ferreira, F., and Ebner, C. The T cell response to Art v 1, the major mugwort pollen allergen, is dominated by one epitope.  Immunol.11-15-2002;169(10):6005-6011. 12421987
5. Jimeno, L., Duffort, O., Serrano, C., Barber, D., and Polo, F. Monoclonal antibody-based ELISA to quantify the major allergen of Artemisia vulgaris pollen, Art v 1. Allergy2004;59(9):995-1001. 15291909
6. Nilsen, B. M. and Paulsen, B. S. Isolation and characterization of a glycoprotein allergen, Art v II, from pollen of mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris L.).  Immunol.1990;27(10):1047-1056. 2233755
7. Schmid-Grendelmeier, P., Holzmann, D., Himly, M., Weichel, M., Tresch, S., Ruckert, B., Menz, G., Ferreira, F., Blaser, K., Wuthrich, B., and Crameri, R. Native Art v 1 and recombinant Art v 1 are able to induce humoral and T cell-mediated in vitro and in vivo responses in mugwort allergy.  Allergy Clin. Immunol.2003;111(6):1328-1336. 12789236
8. Hirschwehr, R., Heppner, C., Spitzauer, S., Sperr, W. R., Valent, P., Berger, U., Horak, F., Jager, S., Kraft, D., and Valenta, R. Identification of common allergenic structures in mugwort and ragweed pollen.  Allergy Clin. Immunol.1998;101(2 Pt 1):196-206. 9500752
9. Leitner, A., Vogel, M., Radauer, C., Breiteneder, H., Stadler, B. M., Scheiner, O., Kraft, D., and Jensen-Jarolim, E. A mimotope defined by phage display inhibits IgE binding to the plant panallergen profilin.  J. Immunol.1998;28(9):2921-2927. 9754579
10. Valenta, R., Duchene, M., Ebner, C., Valent, P., Sillaber, C., Deviller, P., Ferreira, F., Tejkl, M., Edelmann, H., Kraft, D., and . Profilins constitute a novel family of functional plant pan-allergens.  Exp. Med.2-1-1992;175(2):377-385. 1370681
11. Wopfner, N., Willeroidee, M., Hebenstreit, D., van Ree, R., Aalbers, M., Briza, P., Thalhamer, J., Ebner, C., Richter, K., and Ferreira, F. Molecular and immunological characterization of profilin from mugwort pollen.  Chem.2002;383(11):1779-1789. 12530543
12. Park, H. S., Kim, J. W., and Hong, C. S. Immunoelectron-microscopic localization of IgE binding site of mugwort pollen.  Korean Med.Sci.1993;8(1):30-33. 8343219
13. Cirkovic, T., Gavrovic-Jankulovic, M., Prisic, S., Jankov, R. M., Burazer, L., Vuckovic, O., Sporcic, Z., and Paranos, S. The influence of a residual group in low-molecular-weight allergoids of Artemisia vulgaris pollen on their allergenicity, IgE- and IgG-binding properties. Allergy2002;57(11):1013-1020. 12358997
14. Behrendt, H., Kasche, A., Ebner, von Eschenbach, Risse, U., Huss-Marp, J., and Ring, J. Secretion of proinflammatory eicosanoid-like substances precedes allergen release from pollen grains in the initiation of allergic sensitization.  Arch. Allergy. Immunol.2001;124(1-3):121-125. 11306946
15. Fernandez, C., Martin-Esteban, M., Fiandor, A., Pascual, C., Lopez, Serrano C., Martinez, Alzamora F., Diaz Pena, J. M., and Ojeda Casas, J. A. Analysis of cross-reactivity between sunflower pollen and other pollens of the Compositae family.  Allergy Clin. Immunol.1993;92(5):660-667. 8227856
16. Stenius-Aarniala, B. S., Malmberg, C. H., Holopainen, E. E., and Bjorksten, F. In vivo tests with pollen extracts previously investigated by means of direct RAST titration allergen assay.  Allergy1978;8(4):411-418. 709789
17. Hitosugi, N., Ohno, R., Hatsukari, I., Mizukami, S., Nagasaka, H., Matsumoto, I., Komatsu, N., Fujimaki, M., Nakashima, H., Satoh, K., and Sakagami, H. Diverse biological activities of moxa extract and smoke. In Vivo2001;15(3):249-254. 11491021
18. Sakagami, H., Matsumoto, H., Satoh, K., Shioda, S., Ali, C. S., Hashimoto, K., Kikuchi, H., Nishikawa, H., Terakubo, S., Shoji, Y., Nakashima, H., and Shimada, J. Cytotoxicity and radical modulating activity of Moxa smoke. In Vivo2005;19(2):391-397. 15796203
19. Mizushina, Y., Takahashi, N., Ogawa, A., Tsurugaya, K., Koshino, H., Takemura, M., Yoshida, S., Matsukage, A., Sugawara, F., and Sakaguchi, K. The cyanogenic glucoside, prunasin (D-mandelonitrile-beta-D-glucoside), is a novel inhibitor of DNA polymerase beta.  Biochem. (Tokyo)1999;126(2):430-436. 10423540

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Artemisia absinthium (Absinthium); Bundesanzeiger Nr. 142 /161 vom 30.7.1994 /26.8.1994; Monographie BGA/BfArM (Kommission D).

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