Bršljan Hedera helix (Araliaceae)

Bršljan Hedera helix (Araliaceae)

Bršljan Hedera helix (Araliaceae)

28 January 2015 EMA/HMPC/586887/2014
Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC)
Assessment report on Hedera helix L., folium

24 November 2015 EMA/HMPC/586888/2014
Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC)
European Union herbal monograph on Hedera helix L.,
folium

 

Hedera helix (Araliaceae)

Activity (258): Pesticide, Cancer-Preventive, Antioxidant, Antitumor, Antiinflammatory, Antibacterial, Fungicide, Antiatherosclerotic, Antiseptic, Antitumor-Promoter, Allergenic, Immunomodulator, Antiperoxidant, Diuretic, Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor, Antiviral, Choleretic, Hepatoprotective, Hypotensive, Antihepatotoxic,Hepatoprotective, Antiulcer, Propecic, Anticancer, Antiandrogenic, Hypocholesterolemic, Antidiabetic, Antialopecic, Cardioprotective, Antihistaminic, Antitrypanosomic, Insectifuge, Antimutagenic, Antifeedant, Antileukemic, Hemolytic, Antifibrinolytic, Antiedemic, Chemopreventive, Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor, …

Reference:

Huang, K. C. 1993. The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 388 pp.

Jacobson, M., Glossary of Plant-Derived Insect Deterrents, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 213 p, 1990.

Chiang, L. C., Chiang, W., Chang, M. Y., Ng, L. T., Lin, C. C. 2003. Antileukemic activity of selected natural products in Taiwan. Am J Chin Med, 31(1):37-46.

Bisset, N.G., ed. 1994. Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals. CRC Press. Boca Raton, FL. 566 pp.

Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 1: 53.

Oszmianski, J. and Lee, C.Y. 1990. Inhibitory Effect of Phenolics on Carotene Bleaching in Vegetables. J. Agric. Food Chem. 38: 688-690.

Nigg, H.N. and Seigler, D.S., eds. 1992. Phytochemical Resources for Medicine and Agriculture. Plenum Press, New York. 445 pp.

Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London. 791 pp.

Nat. Prod. 46(5).

Ichikawa, K., et al. 1991. Isolation and Structure Determination of Aldose Reductase Inhibitors from Traditional Thai Medicine, and Syntheses of Their Derivatives. Sankyo Kenkyusho Nempo, 43: 99-110.

Kashiwada, Y., et. al. 1998. Anti-AIDS Agents. 30. Anti-HIV Activity of Oleanolic Acid, Pomolic Acid, and Structurally Related Triterpenoids. J. Nat. Prod., 61 (9): 1090-1095.

Advance in Chinese Medicinal Materials Research. 1985. Eds. H. M. Chang, H. W. Yeung, W. -W. Tso and A. Koo. World Scientific Publishing Co., Philadelphia Pa., page 211.

Uchida, U., Ohta, H., Niwa, M., Mori, A., Nonaka, G-i., Nishioka, I., and Zaki, M. 1989. Prolongation of Life Span of Stroke-Prone Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHRSP) Ingesting Persimmon Tannin. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 38(4): 1049-1052, 1990.

Izvor: J. A. Duke

Podaci ažurirani maja 2018.

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Systematic Review of Clinical Trials Assessing the Effectiveness of Ivy Leaf (Hedera Helix) for Acute Upper Respiratory Tract Infections

The Antiinflammatory and Antiarthritic Properties of Ethanol Extract of Hedera helix

Effect of Hedera Helix on Lung Histopathology in Chronic Asthma

Expectorant and Antitussive Effect of Hedera helix

Antiviral Activity of Hederasaponin B from Hedera helix against Enterovirus

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Bršljan – Hedera helix

  • Bršljan - Hedera helix
  • Bršljan - Hedera helix

Narodna imena. Brštan, brštika, bršljika.

Botaničke karakteristike. Bršljan je do 20 m duga povijuša sa trajno zelenim listovima i mnogobrojnim korenjem po stabljici kojim se pričvršćuje za drugo drveće i kamenje. Pri svojoj osnovi stabljika je položena, a zatim puzava. Listovi su kožasti. Gornji listovi po obodu su celoviti, dok su donji srcoliog oblika i razdeljeni u 3 do 5 režnjeva. Cvetovi su sitni, spolja mrke, a iznutra zelene boje, skupljeni u poluloptasti štit.Plod je loptasta bobica modro-crne boje.

Stanište. Javlja se na vlažnim i humusnim zemljištima, po šumama, ali dobro podnosi i kamenita i krečnjačka tla, voli vlažan vazduh. U gradovima se uglavnom gaji kao ukras na zidovima.

Upotrebljivi delovi biljke. Za lek se upotrebljavaju listovi i plodovi .

Hemijski sastav. Saponini, glukozidi, inozit, tanin, mravlja kiselina, jabučna kiselina, karotin, fitoncidi.

Primena. Koristi se za lečenje bronhitisa, kašlja, crevnog i želudačnog katara, astme, slezine, polipa u nosu, reumatskih bolesti, tegoba sa žučnom kesicom. Deluje na srce i krvne sudove, leči belo pranje, reguliše neredovnu menstruaciju. Spolja se koristi za čišćenje kože, protiv vašaka, svraba, kurjih očiju. Čisti telo od trovanja pesticidima i radioaktivnog zračenja.

Način upotrebe. Recept za čaj od bršljanovog lista: četiri bršljanova sveža lista ili do dve kašike usitnjenog suvog lista staviti u jednu litru hladne vode, zakuvati, odmah procediti, i piti nekoliko puta tokom dana po jedan decilitar čaja. Nije preporučljivo uzeti vise od dve kašike usitnjenog lista bršljana na litru vode.

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Hedera helix – Bršljan
Bršljan je zimzelena drvenasta biljka penjačica iz porodice Araliaceae. Rasprostranjen je u srednjoj i južnoj Evropi, Krimu, Kavkazu, a na severu do Baltičkog mora. Ova drvenasta lijana se penje uz vertikalnu podlogu ili puzi po zemlji. Može da dostigne visinu do 30 metara i prečnik stabla do 20 centimetara. Listovi su kožasti, sa lica mogu biti tamno zeleni ili prošarani kremastobelim ili srebrnastim prugama, sjajni su, a sa naličja bleđi ili žućkastozeleni. Srcolikog su varijabilnog oblika. Spiralno su raspoređeni po stabljici koja se pomoću vazdušnog korenja penje i prihvata za podlogu. Cvetovi su skupljeni u glavičaste cvasti, belozelenkaste boje.
Plodovi su okruglaste plavičasto-crne bobice. Cveta u septembaru i oktobru, a plodovi sazrevaju u martu i aprilu. Raste lagano i dugo živi.

Predstavlja jednu od najstarije gajenih dekorativnih vrsta. Služi za ozelenjavanje vertikalnih podloga, za pokrivanje zemljišta u senci gde stvara kontinuelan pokrivač. Gaji se i kao saksijska kultura. Otporan je na dim, prašinu i otrovne gasove, čime je omogućeno široko gajenje po gradovima i u industrijskim zonama.

Svi delovi bršljana su gorkog ukusa i otrovni. Najotrovnije su bobice-plodovi.
Glavni sastojci bršljana su triterpenski saponizidi (saponini) i heterozidi, koji imaju sekretolitična, spazmolitična i blago sedativna svojstva, zbog kojih ove biljke nalaze i medicinsku primenu.

Iako je još otac medicine Hipokrat pomogao bršljanu da stekne naročitu popularnost u lečenju, nije ništa znao o njegovim isceliteljskim svojstvima. Verovao je da u biljkama žive bogovi i duhovi koji im daju isceliteljske moći. Od 16. veka posvećuje se sve veća pažnja bršljanu kao leku protiv upala disajnih organa. Nakon brojnih kliničkih ispitivanja, čiji su rezultati pokazali i dokazali delotvornost bršljana odnosno njegovog aktivnog sastojka alfa-hederina u lečenju kašlja, opisan je i njegov mehanizam delovanja u ćelijama.

Listovi bršljana već u malim količinama deluju na krvne žile i srce, leče belo pranje, katar creva i želuca, regulišu neredovne menstruacije. Bršljan je vrlo delotvoran i u spoljnoj upotrebi, posebno u lečenju kurijih očiju i celulita.

Svež list ili ekstrakt lista bršljana kao i korena koristi se interno kod velikog kašlja, bronhitisa, za lakše iskašljavanje. Spolja se primenjuje kod reumatizma, gihta, kožnih bolesti i dr. Više se koristi u narodnoj nego u zvaničnoj medicini.

Simbolika

U prošlim vremenima bršljan je bio simbol plodnosti i besmrtnosti. Razlog tome je verovatno činjenica što je veoma otporan i ostaje zelen tokom cele godine. Slike bršljana mogu se naći u mnogim srednjevekovnim crkvama, a bršljan se i danas nalazi na mnogim grobovima.
Budući da je čvrsto pripijen uz drvo, bršljan je često simbol vernosti i sretnog braka.

Bršljan je imao važnu ulogu u antičkim kultnim obredima, rani su hršćani svoje mrtve polagali na podlogu od bršljanova lišća, Rimljani su njime ukrašavali vrtove, a posebnu popularnost stekao je u Viktorijansko doba, kada se i proširio svetom.

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Bršljan – Hedera helix
Naslovna Agro Svet Bršljan – Hedera helix
U prošlim vremenima bršljan je bio simbol plodnosti i besmrtnosti. Razlog tome je verovatno činjenica što je veoma otporan i ostaje zelen tokom cele godine.
Budući da je čvrsto pripijen uz drvo, bršljan je često simbol vernosti i srećnog braka.
Bršljan je imao važnu ulogu u antičkim kultnim obredima, rani hršćani su svoje mrtve polagali na podlogu od bršljanova lišća, Rimljani su njime ukrašavali vrtove, a posebnu popularnost stekao je u Viktorijansko doba, kada se i proširio svetom.
Bršljan je zimzelena drvenasta biljka penjačica iz porodice Araliaceae. Rasprostranjen je u srednjoj i južnoj Evropi, Krimu, Kavkazu, a na severu do Baltičkog mora. Ova drvenasta lijana se penje uz vertikalnu podlogu ili puzi po zemlji. Može da dostigne visinu do 30 metara i prečnik stabla do 20 centimetara.
Listovi su kožasti, sa lica mogu biti tamno zeleni ili prošarani kremastobelim ili srebrnastim prugama, sjajni su, a sa naličja bleđi ili žućkastozeleni. Srcolikog su varijabilnog oblika. Spiralno su raspoređeni po stabljici koja se pomoću vazdušnog korenja penje i prihvata za podlogu.
Cvetovi su skupljeni u glavičaste cvasti, belozelenkaste boje.
Plodovi su okruglaste plavičasto-crne bobice. Cveta u septembaru i oktobru, a plodovi sazrevaju u martu i aprilu. Raste lagano i dugo živi.
Predstavlja jednu od najstarije gajenih dekorativnih vrsta. Služi za ozelenjavanje vertikalnih podloga, za pokrivanje zemljišta u senci gde stvara trajni pokrivač.
Gaji se i kao saksijska kultura.
Otporan je na dim, prašinu i otrovne gasove, čime je omogućeno široko gajenje po gradovima i u industrijskim zonama.
Svi delovi bršljana su gorkog ukusa i otrovni. Najotrovnije su bobice-plodovi.
Glavni sastojci bršljana su triterpenski saponizidi (saponini) i heterozidi, koji imaju sekretolitična, spazmolitična i blago sedativna svojstva, zbog kojih ova biljka ima i primenu u medicini.
Iako je još otac medicine Hipokrat uticao da bršljan stekne naročitu popularnost u lečenju, nije ništa znao o njegovim isceliteljskim svojstvima. Verovao je da u biljkama žive bogovi i duhovi koji im daju isceliteljske moći. Od 16. veka posvećuje se sve veća pažnja bršljanu kao leku protiv upala disajnih organa. Posle brojnih kliničkih ispitivanja, čiji su rezultati pokazali i dokazali delotvornost bršljana, odnosno njegovog aktivnog sastojka alfa-hederina u lečenju kašlja, opisan je i njegov mehanizam delovanja u ćelijama.
Listovi bršljana već u malim količinama deluju na krvne žile i srce, leče belo pranje, katar creva i želuca, regulišu neredovne menstruacije. Bršljan je vrlo delotvoran i u spoljnoj upotrebi, posebno u lečenju kurijih očiju i celulita.
Svež list ili ekstrakt lista bršljana kao i korena koristi se interno kod velikog kašlja, bronhitisa, za lakše iskašljavanje. Spolja se primenjuje kod reumatizma, gihta, kožnih bolesti i dr. Više se koristi u narodnoj nego u zvaničnoj medicini.

Uzgoj

Bršljan se lako razmnožava. Od poluzrelih mladica novog rasta možemo dobiti puzavice, a ako za razmnožavanje upotrebimo stariji izdanak, dobićemo grmoliku biljku.
Odsecite reznice duge 10 cm, odmah ispod lisnog čvora, pa ih stavite u posudu s vodom. Kad puste korenčiće, posadite ih u posudu s mešavinom zemlje i peska (50:50). Na dno posude stavite šljunak ili manje kamenčiće zbog bolje drenaže.
Bršljan se može razmnožavati i tako da se reznice odmah stavljaju u posudu sa jednakim delovima treseta i peska.
Reznice zahtevaju odgovarajuću vlažnost supstrata i temperaturu od oko 15 stepeni. Posude možete prekriti prozirnom folijom ili staviti u posudu za razmnožavanje koja se zatvara. Posle dve do tri nedelje reznice će se ukoreniti. Tada se otvara posuda, a biljka zaliva.
Sve puzavice koje imaju drvenasto stablo i dobro razvijen, razgranat korenov sistem, trebalo bi saditi nešto dalje od zida, na udaljenosti od oko 70 do 80 centimetara, kako koren ne bi dodirivao temelj kuće. Ako se puzavice sade uz ogradu, onda se to čini na nešto manjem razmaku, 50 cm.
Kako bi ubrzali rast i grananje bršljana, mlade izbojke treba poleći i pričvrstiti uz zemlju, gde će vrlo brzo doći do rasta bočnih izbojaka.
Bršljan dobro podnosi rezidbu, njome postaje gušći, a tako se i podmlađuje biljka.
Od bujne zelene mase mogu se oblikovati zelene skulpture jer se bršljan može orezivati u bilo koje doba godine.
Bršljan je osetljiv na crvenog pauka, štitaste i biljne uši i na gljivičnu pegavost listova.

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Hedera helix – L.

Common Name Ivy, English ivy, Algerian ivy, Baltic Ivy, Common Ivy
Family Araliaceae
USDA hardiness 5-11
Known Hazards  The plant is said to be poisonous in large doses[7, 10, 65, 76] although the leaves are eaten with impunity by various mammals without any noticeable harmful affects. The leaves and fruits contain the saponic glycoside hederagenin which, if ingested, can cause breathing difficulties and coma[274]. The sap can cause dermatitis with blistering and inflammation. This is apparently due to the presence of polyacetylene compounds[274].
Habitats Woodlands, hedges and shady places, climbing up trees, walls etc and clambering over the ground[7]. Found on all types of soils[7].
Range Europe, including Britain, south and east to the Mediterranean and Iran.
Medicinal Rating   
Care
Fully Hardy Moist Soil Wet Soil Full shade Semi-shade Full sun
Hedera helix Ivy, 	English ivy, Algerian ivy, Baltic Ivy, Common Ivy
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Illustration_Hedera_helix0_correct.jpg
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Jina_Lee

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Summary

Bloom Color: White. Main Bloom Time: Early fall, Late fall, Mid fall. Form: Prostrate, Variable spread.

Physical Characteristics

 icon of manicon of climber
Hedera helix is an evergreen Climber growing to 15 m (49ft) by 5 m (16ft) at a medium rate.
It is hardy to zone (UK) 5 and is not frost tender. It is in leaf 12-Jan It is in flower from Oct to November, and the seeds ripen from May to June. The species is hermaphrodite (has both male and female organs) and are pollinated by Bees, flies, lepidoptera.It is noted for attracting wildlife.
Suitable for: light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils and can grow in heavy clay and nutritionally poor soils. Suitable pH: acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils and can grow in very alkaline soils.
It can grow in full shade (deep woodland) semi-shade (light woodland) or no shade. It prefers moist or wet soil and can tolerate drought. It can tolerate atmospheric pollution.

Synonyms

Hedera poetica Salisb. [Illegitimate]

Habitats

Woodland Garden Dappled Shade; Shady Edge; not Deep Shade; Ground Cover; Hedge; Hedgerow; Bog Garden; North Wall. In.

Edible Uses

Although they are almost certainly not edible, there is a report that the seeds contain 16.2% protein and 35.1% fat[218].

Medicinal Uses

 

Plants For A Future can not take any responsibility for any adverse effects from the use of plants. Always seek advice from a professional before using a plant medicinally.

Antibacterial;  Antirheumatic;  Antiseptic;  Antispasmodic;  Astringent;  Cathartic;  Diaphoretic;  Emetic;
Emmenagogue;  Parasiticide;  Skin;  Stimulant;  Vasoconstrictor;  Vasodilator;  Vermifuge.

Ivy is a bitter aromatic herb with a nauseating taste[238]. It is often used in folk herbal remedies[218], especially in the treatment of rheumatism and as an external application to skin eruptions, swollen tissue, painful joints, burns and suppurating cuts[9, 238]. Recent research has shown that the leaves contain the compound ’emetine’, which is an amoebicidal alkaloid, and also triterpene saponins, which are effective against liver flukes, molluscs, internal parasites and fungal infections[238]. The leaves are antibacterial, antirheumatic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, astringent, cathartic, diaphoretic, emetic, emmenagogue, stimulant, sudorific, vasoconstrictor, vasodilator and vermifuge[7, 218, 238]. The plant is used internally in the treatment of gout, rheumatic pain, whooping cough, bronchitis and as a parasiticide[238]. Some caution is advised if it is being used internally since the plant is mildly toxic[7]. Excessive doses destroy red blood cells and cause irritability, diarrhoea and vomiting[238]. This plant should only be used under the supervision of a qualified practitioner[238]. An infusion of the twigs in oil is recommended for the treatment of sunburn[4]. The leaves are harvested in spring and early summer, they are used fresh and can also be dried[9]. The German Commission E Monographs, a therapeutic guide to herbal medicine, approve Hedera helix for cough, bronchitis (see [302] for critics of commission E).

Other Uses

Dye;  Hair;  Hedge;  Hedge;  Parasiticide;  Pollution;  Soap;  Wood.

A yellow and a brown dye are obtained from the twigs[46, 61]. A decoction of the leaves is used to restore black fabrics[7, 46, 53] and also as a hair rinse to darken the hair[7, 53]. If the leaves are boiled with soda they are a soap substitute for washing clothes etc[61]. An excellent ground cover for shady places, succeeding even in the dense shade of trees[197, 208]. A very effective weed suppresser[190]. The cultivars ‘Hibernica’, ‘Lutzii’ and ‘Neilsonii’ have been especially mentioned[190]. Plants can be grown along fences to form a hedge. The variety ‘Digitata’ is very useful for this[200]. Plants have been grown indoors in pots in order to help remove toxins from the atmosphere. It is especially good at removing chemical vapours, especially formaldehyde[259]. The plants will probably benefit from being placed outdoors during the summer[259]. The wood is very hard and can be used as a substitute for Buxus sempervirens (Box), used in engraving etc[46, 61]. Another report says that the wood is very soft and porous and is seldom used except as a strop for sharpening knives[4].

Cultivation details

Landscape Uses:Cascades, Container, Erosion control, Ground cover, Massing. Ivy is a very easily grown plant that dislikes waterlogged, very dry or very acid soils but otherwise succeeds in all soil types[1, 17, 238]. It grows well in heavy clay soils. Prefers some lime in the soil. Tolerates very dense shade[24, 31], though it may not flower in such a position[K]. The plant is very hardy and tolerant of atmospheric pollution[4]. Established plants are drought tolerant[190]. A very ornamental and hardy plant[190], it tolerates temperatures down to about -25°c[184]. There are many named varieties[190], the variegated forms are less hardy than the species and also require more light[238]. Ivy is a rampant climbing plant, clinging by means of aerial roots and often trailing on the ground in woods and hedges[186]. It is of benefit rather than harm when growing on a wall because it keeps the wall dry and acts as an insulation[11, 24]. It does not damage the structure of a wall. Similarly, it does not harm large trees when climbing into them, though it can shade out smaller and ailing trees[200]. It is not a parasitic plant, but instead obtains all its nutrient from the sun and the soil[186]. A very good plant for wild-life, it provides dense shelter for birds, spiders etc, an abundant late supply of nectar for insects and a supply of seeds for winter food[4, 24, 186]. It is a food plant for the larvae of many species of butterfly[24, 30]. A very variable plant, there are many named varieties. This species is notably resistant to honey fungus[200]. Special Features: Attractive foliage, Not North American native, Naturalizing, All or parts of this plant are poisonous, Inconspicuous flowers or blooms.

Propagation

Seed – remove the flesh, which inhibits germination, and sow the seed in spring in a cold frame[113]. Four weeks cold stratification will improve germination[113]. When they are large enough to handle, prick the seedlings out into individual pots and grow them on in the cold frame for their first winter. Plant them out into their permanent positions in late spring or early summer, after the last expected frosts. Cuttings of half-ripe wood, July/August in a shady position in a frame. Good percentage[78]. Cuttings of mature wood, 12cm long, November in a cold frame[78]. Layering. Plants often do this naturally.

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