ПРЕГЛЕД
Бајкалска капица (научни назив Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi -Lamiaceae) је биљка. Корен се користи за прављење лекова.
Бајкалска капица се користи за лечење респираторних инфекција, поленске грознице и грознице. Такође се користи за гастроинтестиналне (ГИ) инфекције, као и за проблеме са јетром, укључујући вирусни хепатитис и жутицу.
Неки људи користе бајкалску капицу за ХИВ/АИДС, инфекције бубрега, упалу карлице и ране или код отока. Користи се и код шарлаха, главобоље, раздражљивости, црвенила очију, црвенила лица, нападе, епилепсије, хистерије, нервне напетости, као и за ублажавање горког укуса у устима.
Активни састојак бајкалске капице, баикалин, користи се за лечење инфекција горњих дисајних путева. У комбинацији са другим биљкама, бајкалска капица се користи за лечење поремећаја пажње и хиперактивности (АДХД), рака простате, стања плућа званог бронхиолитис, артритиса и хемороида.
Бајкалска капица се такође понекад примењује на кожи код псоријазе .
Како делује?
Сматра се да би активне хемикалије у бајкалској капици можда могле да смање упалу, зауставе раст тумора и спрече репродукцију туморских ћелија.
Традиционална кинеска медицина
То је једна од 50 основних биљака које се користе у традиционалној кинеској медицини, где носи име хуангкин (кинески: 黄芩).

OVERVIEW
Baikal skullcap (scientific name Scutellaria baicalensis) is a plant. The root is used to make medicine.
Baikal skullcap is used to treat respiratory infections, hay fever, and fever. It is also used for gastrointestinal (GI) infections, as well as liver problems including viral hepatitis and jaundice.
Some people use Baikal skullcap for HIV/AIDS, kidney infections, pelvic inflammation, and sores or swelling. It is also used for scarlet fever, headache, irritability, red eyes, flushed face, seizures, epilepsy, hysteria, nervous tension, and to relieve a bitter taste in the mouth.
The active ingredient in Baikal skullcap, baicalin, is used in combination with shung hua (ephedra) to treat upper respiratory tract infections. In combination with other herbs, Baikal skullcap is used to treat attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), prostate cancer, a lung condition called bronchiolitis, arthritis, and hemorrhoids.
Baikal skullcap is also sometimes applied to the skin for psoriasis.
How does it work?
It is thought that the active chemicals in Baikal skullcap might be able to decrease inflammation, stop tumor growth, and prevent tumor cell reproduction.
Traditional Chinese medicine
It is one of the 50 fundamental herbs used in traditional Chinese medicine, where it has the name huángqín (Chinese: 黄芩).

PREGLED
Bajkalska kapica (naučni naziv Scutellaria baicalensis) je biljka. Koren se koristi za pravljenje lekova.
Bajkalska kapica se koristi za lečenje respiratornih infekcija, polenske groznice i groznice. Takođe se koristi za gastrointestinalne (GI) infekcije, kao i za probleme sa jetrom, uključujući virusni hepatitis i žuticu.
Neki ljudi koriste bajkalsku kapicu za HIV/AIDS, infekcije bubrega, upalu karlice i rane ili otok. Koristi se i kod šarlahа, glavoboljе, razdražljivosti, crvenilа očiju, crvenilа lica, napadа, epilepsijе, histerijе, nervnе napetosti, kao i za ublažavanje gorkog ukusa u ustima.
Aktivni sastojak bajkalske kapice, baikalin, koristi se u kombinaciji sa šung hua (efedrom) za lečenje infekcija gornjih disajnih puteva. U kombinaciji sa drugim biljkama, bajkalska kapica se koristi za lečenje poremećaja pažnje i hiperaktivnosti (ADHD), raka prostate, stanja pluća zvanog bronhiolitis, artritisa i hemoroida.
Bajkalska kapica se takođe ponekad primenjuje na koži kod psorijazе.
Kako deluje?
Smatra se da bi aktivne hemikalije u bajkalskoj kapici mogle da smanje upalu, zaustave rast tumora i spreče reprodukciju tumorskih ćelija.
Tradicionalna kineska medicina
To je jedna od 50 osnovnih biljaka koje se koriste u tradicionalnoj kineskoj medicini, gde nosi ime huangkin (kineski: huáng qín).

Scutellaria baicalensis

Scutellaria baicalensis Tinctura

BILJNI PREPARATI BAJKALSKE KAPICE:
MATIČNA TINKTURA, BAJKALSKA KAPICA TM, hidroetanolni tečni ekstrakt suvog korena biljke, DER 1:5.
Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi radicis siccis extractum ethanolicum liquidum DER 5:1

ATC:

MeSH klasifikacija:

U skladu sa:

Deutsches Homöopathisches Arzneibuch – HAB (German Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia) Method 4a: Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi ad praeparationes homoeopathicas (Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi pour préparations homéopathiques)

a) Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, radix siccis (Baical sculcap dried, ).

Biljni preparati u tečnom obliku (nerazblaženi ili razblaženi) za oralnu i lokalnu upotrebu.

Sastav:

a) tečni ekstrat (DER 5:1), ekstrakcioni rastvarač etanol 65% (v/v),

Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, sadrži preko 487 istraženih hemijskih jedinjenja koja ispoljavaju preko 239 dokumentovanih dejstava.

Sadržaj:

a) minimalno 0,020% m/m bajkalina (baicalin) (MF: C₂₁H₁₈O₁₁, MW: 446.4 g/mol−1),

b) u većoj koncentraciji sadrži ,

c) više od svih biljaka sadrži .

Indikacije: biljni preparati su namenjeni poboljšanju opšteg stanja organizma kroz razna naučno dokazana dejstva.

Upotreba kod neuroloških, gastrointestinalnih i kožnih  tegoba, antikarcinogenik.

Sažetak farmakoloških efekata
Ukratko, Scutellaria baicalensis ima širok spektar farmakoloških aktivnosti uključujući efekte na nervni sistem, efekte na imuni sistem, zaštitu jetre, antitumorske efekte, antibakterijska i antivirusna dejstva i antioksidativne efekte. Ovi farmakološki efekti ukazuju na to da Scutellaria baicalensis ima velike izglede za razvoj u lečenju raka jetre, depresije, dijabetesa i posebno raka.

Summary of pharmacologic effects
In summary, Scutellaria baicalensis has a wide range of pharmacological activities including effects on the nervous system, effects on the immune system, liver protection, antitumour effects, antibacterial and antiviral effects, and antioxidant effects. These pharmacological effects indicate that Scutellaria baicalensis has extensive development prospects in the treatment of liver cancer, depression, diabetes and especially cancer.

Dr. Džems Djuk (Dr. James Duke) u Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, 2nd Ed. (2002). CRC Press, navodi sledeće:

– ima jako dejstvo kod:
– delotvoran kod
– u narodnoj medicini kod:
– spoljašnja primena kod:
– upotrebljava se kao: Antioxidant, Cancer-preventive, Antibacterial, Antiinflammatory, FLavor, Fungicide, Antiaggregant, Perfumery, Antimutagenic, Antispasmodic, Antiviral, Hypocholesterolemic,, Antiseptic, Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor, Diuretic, Antileukemic, Vasodilator, Sedative, Hypotensive, ….

Monografija nemačke E komisije (Commission E Monographs), terapijski vodič za biljne lekove, preporučuje Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (Lamiaceae) za tretman gastrointestinalnog i neurološkog sistema.

Doziranje i način primene:
2 mL (80 kapi) podeljeno u 2 do 4 doze.
Biljni preparat BAJKALSKA KAPICA TM:
do 80 kapi dnevno, maksimalna pojedinačna doza 20 kapi;
pojedinačna doza: 0,5-1 mL, maksimalna preporučena dnevna doza (MPDD): 2 mL.
Oralna (15 minuta pre obroka) i lokalna primena.
Upotreba na koži: aplicirati na obolelo mesto u tankom sloju ili obliku impregniranog zavoja.

Napraviti pauzu posle 4 nedelje neprekidne upotrebe. Po preporukama, preparat postiže najbolje efekte pri upotrebi od 8 do 12 nedelja, duža upotreba je bezbedna uz pauze.

Kontraindikacije: preosetljivost na aktivne supstance, preosetljivost na biljke porodice (genus Scutellaria, family Lamiaceae).

Toksikologija
Hiljadama godina, Scutellaria baicalensis se u Kini smatrala sigurnom i netoksičnom tradicionalnom kineskom medicinskom biljkom.
LD50 je 39,60 g/kg.
Ukratko, Scutellaria baicalensis ispoljava nisku toksičnost i može se široko koristiti u kliničkoj praksi.
Međutim, zbog svojih gorkih i hladnih lekovitih svojstava nije pogodna za osobe sa insuficijencijom slezine i želuca.

Interakcije: nisu evidentirane.
Čuvanje: na tamnom, suvom i hladnom mestu do 20˚C, van domašaja dece i izlaganja EM zračenju, u dobro zatvorenoj originalnoj ambalaži.

Rok upotrebe: 5 godina, posle prvog otvaranja 6 meseci. U adekvatnim uslovima čuvanja, rok trajanja je neograničen.

Pakovanje: 50 mL i 100 mL, standardne farmaceutske braon bočice; 1L i 5 L na zahtev.

Nutritivne informacije:
BAJKALSKA KAPICA TM:
energetska vrednost u 100 mL: 1402 kJ/ 360 kcal,
u preporučenoj dnevnoj dozi (PDD) 2 mL: 30kJ/ 7,17 kcal,
suve materije (DR) više od 1,4% (HAB), RD 0,935 – 0,955.

Bez konzervanasa, proteina, masti i ugljenih hidrata.

BAJKALSKA KAPICA TM je rukom rađen preparat.

MATIČNA TINKTURA – hidroetanolni tečni ekstrakt suvog korena DER 5:1.
CENOVNIK
BAJKALSKA KAPICA MATIČNIH TINKTURA,
50 mL – 900,00 RSD (7,5e) za 6 nedelja upotrebe, odrasli; 100 mL – 1800,00 RSD (15e) za 12 nedelja upotrebe, odrasli.
Podaci ažurirani januara 2023. godine, prvi put postavljeno avgusta 2014. godine.
Pogledati i ostale informacije na:
http://www.biljni-preparati.com/preparati/bajkalska-kapica-scutellaria-baicalensis-georgi-lamiaceae/

Traditional Usages
As a medicinal plant, Scutellaria baicalensis has a long history in China due to its extensive biological and pharmacological activities. The first description of Scutellaria baicalensis was recorded in the Shijing as early as the Western Zhou Dynasty. The Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing (the earliest existing traditional Chinese medicine book), written in the period of the Han Dynasty, first recorded the drug application of Scutellaria baicalensis. This medicinal plant could cure lung and liver diseases. Subsequently, in the Ben Cao Jing Ji Zhu, it was described that the compatibility of Scutellaria baicalensis could expand the scope of treatment for diseases. In the Yuan Dynasty, Zhu Zhenheng first proposed the abortion effect of Scutellaria baicalensis in the Dan Xi Xin Fa, which was another outstanding traditional Chinese medicine monograph. Besides, Scutellaria baicalensis was also described in other Chinese medicine monographs including Yao Xing Lun, Shang Han Lun and Ben Cao Gang Mu. In short, Scutellaria baicalensis is used to treat diseases such as diarrhoea, dysentery, high blood pressure, bleeding, insomnia, inflammation and respiratory infections.
At present, in modern clinical research, Scutellaria baicalensis is commonly used to treat diseases such as trachoma hepatitis, hypertension, acute respiratory infection, acute gastroenteritis, infantile diarrhoea, vomiting during pregnancy and other diseases. In the latest version of the CH.P, more than 180 prescriptions containing Scutellaria baicalensis are included. The dosage forms of these prescriptions include granules, pills, capsules and oral liquid. Scutellaria baicalensis is not only widely used in China, but also used as a medicinal plant in many countries around the world. In Nepal, Scutellaria baicalensis is a traditional medicine for wounds and insect bites. Additionally, in Europe and North America, the aerial parts of Scutellaria baicalensis are used as herbal tea and food fillers.
Interestingly, in the folk, the upper part of Scutellaria baicalensis is used as a substitute for tea to cool off the heat.
Later, people discovered that Scutellaria baicalensis tea has special effects, such as clearing heat and removing dampness, purging fire and detoxification, anti-inflammatory and promoting digestion. In addition, the fruit of Scutellaria baicalensis can treat the intestinal purulent blood.
Scutellaria baicalensis is widely distributed in the provinces of Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Henan, Gansu, Shanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, etc. In addition, it is also distributed in the Soviet Union in Eastern Siberia, Mongolia, North Korea and Japan. The plant grows on desert lands and sunny grassy slopes at an altitude of 60–2000 m.

Phytochemistry
Many chemical constituents of Scutellaria baicalensis have been isolated and identified by various methods since 1973.
To date, more than 40 ingredients have been identified, in which flavonoids and their glycosides are considered to be characteristic components of Scutellaria baicalensis. In this part, the chemical constituents of Scutellaria baicalensis are mainly divided into five categories, and the main components and separation methods in each category are introduced and described as below.
Flavonoids
Scutellaria baicalensis contains a wide variety of polyphenols, especially flavonoids, which are the main active substances in Scutellaria baicalensis.
Since the late 1970s, more than 40 different polyphenols have been isolated and identified from Scutellaria baicalensis, including flavonoids and their flavonols, dihydroflavones and their dihydroflavonols, chalcones and biflavonoids. Among them, the most representative ingredients are baicalin, baicalein, wogonoside and wogonin. The main structures of flavonoids are as follows.
Volatile oils
The volatile oil in Scutellaria baicalensis has aromatic smell and sweet taste. Furthermore, they exhibit significant antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, Bacillus subtilis and Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumonia and Salmonella enterica (Pant et al.,).
Fukuhara K et al. (1986) identified eight kinds of volatile oil components in Scutellaria baicalensis by GC-MS for the first time. The major constituents of the volatile oils were acetophenone, l-phenyl-1, (E)-4-phenyl-3-buten-2- one, 3-butanedione, palmitic acid and oleic acid. Sixty-four components have been isolated and identified in Scutellaria baicalensis.
Terpenoids
Diterpenoids in Scutellaria baicalensis have a variety of activities such as antitumour effect, insect refusal and antifungal.More than 100 diterpenoids have been isolated from Astragalus plants. However, at present, there are limited reports on terpenoids in Scutellaria baicalensis.
In one report in 1996, Hussein et al. obtained the first detectable diterpene component from the acetone extracts of the aerial part of Scutellaria baicalensis. Then, two new dodecanedioxins contained in the Scutellaria baicalensis plant were also isolated and identified (Bruno M et al., 1998).
Polysaccharides
Polysaccharides from Scutellaria baicalensis exhibit antioxidant, antiviral, immune regulation and other effects.
It was reported that the main polymers of polysaccharides in Scutellaria baicalensis were water-soluble polysaccharides WSPS’-1, WSPS’-2 and WSPS’-3, which were composed of glucose, galactose and arabinose. The secondary components were two highly polyglucans (Olennikov et al., 2008).[In addition, the content of polysaccharides in Scutellaria baicalensis is closely related to the origin and processing method.
Other chemical components
In addition to the above chemical compositions, there are
some other ingredients that have been isolated and identified from Scutellaria baicalensis including b-sitosterol (64), benzoic acid (65) and benzyl alcohol (66).
Furthermore, Tuan et al. (2014) found that the main carotenoids in Scutellaria baicalensis were lutein (67) and b-carotene (68), and the leaves contained a lot of carotene.
Lately, it was reported that three lignan glycosides (69–71)
from the roots of Scutellaria baicalensis were isolated by
spectral detection and qualitative chemical testing.

Huang Qin 

Pharmacology
Effects on the nervous system
The pharmacological effects of Scutellaria baicalensis on the nervous system have been completely summarized. Scutellaria baicalensis was widely used in the treatment of stroke in 1999. The potential mechanism of the resistance to stroke in Scutellaria baicalensis was explored by Kim et al. (2001). They reported that the methanol extracts of Scutellaria baicalensis (MESB) at doses of 0.1, 1 and 10 mg/kg could significantly increase the neuronal cell density of ischaemic animals and the mechanism may be related to the inhibition of TNF-a and NO production, and protection of neuronal cells from oxidative stress in vitro. In 2006, one interesting study demonstrated that wogonin (5 and 10 mg/kg), an active compound isolated from Scutellaria baicalensis, could enhance sleeping in animal models of the rotarod and elevated plus-maze tests in mice.
However, oroxylin, another ingredient isolated from Scutellaria baicalensis, did not have an anxiolytic effect. In addition to this, Park et al. reported that wogonin at doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg showed significant anticonvulsant effects in chemical-induced seizure and electroshock seizure mice, and the mechanism was correlated with the mediation of GABAergic neurons.
Furthermore, it was reported that the water extracts of Scutellaria baicalensis (WESB) (10, 30 and 100 mg/kg, p.o.) could significantly improve memory in ibotenic acid-induced model rats via the passive avoidance test and Y-maze test. The mechanism for this effect might be related to that Scutellaria baicalensis could promote the recovery of specific subtypes of neurons. In short, Scutellaria baicalensis is a good natural herb for the treatment of degenerative neuronal diseases with memory loss (Heo et al.).
In recent years, Lee et al. demonstrated that wogonin isolated and identified from the Scutellaria baicalensis possessed an ability to effectively inhibit MAO-A and moderately inhibit MAO-B with IC50 values of 6.35
0.49 and 20.8
1.06 lm, respectively.
Effects on the immune system
In 2010, Kim et al. demonstrated that the MESB (0.1 to 1 g/kg, BW) could inhibit compound 48/80 or anti-dinitrobenzene (DNP) IgE-induced allergic reactions in vivo and the mechanism may be associated with a decrease in histamine release from RPMC activated by compound 48/80 or anti-DNP IgE. Additionally, Jung et al. indicated that the ethanol extracts of Scutellaria baicalensis (EESB) had a significant inhibitory effect on allergic inflammation in vivo and in vitro. The mechanism for this effect may be related to downregulation of expression of various inflammatory mediators and decreased the production of inflammatory cytokines and MAPK activation.
Moreover, many previous works have demonstrated that Scutellaria baicalensis has significant antiallergic effects, but the detailed functions and mechanisms have not been elucidated so far. Shin et al.[52] demonstrated that wogonin, an active ingredient of Scutellaria baicalensis, could downregulate the OVA-induced Th2 immune response, strongly inhibit the production of IL-5 and indirectly reduce IgE levels without reduction in cell viability. This finding might suggest that wogonin can be used as a therapeutic agent for IgE and IL-5-mediated allergic diseases. Meanwhile, they had an interesting finding that oral administration of 1 mg/kg BW of wogonin was equivalent to the administration of Scutellaria baicalensis extract at 25 mg/kg BW.
In 2017, Bui et al. showed that the EESB (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o.), baicalein (10 mg/kg, p.o.) and wogonin (10 mg/kg, p.o.) may have potential preventive and therapeutic effects on Th2 type or mast cell-mediated allergic asthma through a mechanism possibly associated with the regulation of Th1/Th2 imbalance and histamine release.
Liver protection
Scutellaria baicalensis is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine which is used to treat liver diseases. Furthermore, Scutellaria baicalensis is the main part of Xiao-Chai-HuTang, and it is reported that this prescription is widely used to treat liver necrosis caused by dimethylnitrosamine or pig serum. In 2002, the MESB (150 mg/kg, i.g. for 28 days) was reported to have a significant antibacterial effect on the liver in an animal model of liver fibrosis induced by bile duct ligation and scission (BDL) or carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in rats. The mechanism may be related to the decrease in the levels of hydroxyproline and MDA in liver. Some previous studies have shown that Scutellaria baicalensis can inhibit the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells in vitro. However, the molecular mechanism of the action of Scutellaria baicalensis is still unclear. Fei et al. used the newly developed vitro pathway array technology to determine that the WESB exhibited a 50% strong growth inhibition concentration on HepG2 cells through G2/M phase arrest with the IC50 value of 360 lg/ml.
Additionally, it was reported that the EESB, at a dose of 200 mg/kg, had a potential protective effect on LPS induced liver injury in mice. The mechanism may be related to the decreases in proinflammatory cytokines including necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1b, interleukin6, cyclooxygenase-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase and nuclear factor-jB in liver tissue (Hai et al.).
In recent years, Wu et al. found that baicalin, an active ingredient in Scutellaria baicalensis, had a notable effect on the activation, proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and migration of platelet-derived growth factor-BB-induced HSC-T6 cells in a dose-dependent manner compared with that observed in untreated HSC-T6 cells. Meanwhile, they also demonstrated for the first time that baicalin induced overexpression of human miR-3595 and subsequently reduced the expression of ACSL4, thereby producing antifibrotic effects.

Antitumour effects As early as 1992, Konoshima et al. found that the ethyl acetate extracts of Scutellaria baicalensis significantly inhibited the activation of EBV-EA (100% and 33% inhibition at 10 lg/ml and 1 lg/ml, respectively). This provided the basis for finding possible antitumour agents. Small et al. reported the WESB at doses of 0.05 to 0.8 mg/ml had significant growth inhibition on prostate cancer cell lines including LNCaP, androgen-dependent, and PC-3, androgenindependent, and both cell lines had a dose- and time-dependent growth inhibitory effect. PC-SPES is an early herbal mixture for the treatment of prostate cancer. However, their study found that Scutellaria baicalensis was more effective in inhibiting cell growth than PC-SPES (IC50 = 0.38 mg/ml for PC-3 cells). Additionally, the molecular mechanism of Scutellaria baicalensis extracts against prostate cancer activity may be that Scutellaria baicalensis targeted a variety of cell proliferation pathways, including COX-2/ PGE2, cyclin D1 and cdk1, leading to inhibition of prostate cancer growth in the G1 or G2 phase.
In addition to these, Lin et al. (2013) revealed that the EESB and its active flavonoids could reversibly inhibit myeloma SP cells, and they also discovered a potential new molecular mechanism possibly associated with the target SP cells by modulating the expression of the ABCG2 protein.
Recently, Tao et al.[66] indicated that baicalin, the main component of Chinese medicine Scutellaria baicalensis, could significantly induce and enhance apoptosis of HT-29 colon cancer cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner, and strongly inhibit tumour growth in xenograft nude mice. Their study confirmed that baicalin induced apoptosis in colon cancer cells through a mechanism possibly associated with the inhibition of c-Myc expression and downregulation of oncomiRs associated with many apoptoses.
Antibacterial and antiviral effects In 2001, Kim et al. showed that the WESB at doses of 5–50 lg/ml could effectively inhibit the production of AFM1 and AFBO with IC50 values of 6.8 and 122.4 lg/ml in TCDD-treated rat microsomes. They also found that the inhibition of AFBO formation by the WESB was weak, probably because the WESB only had an effective inhibitory effect on the formation of AFM1 mediated by CYP1A1/ 2. Later, it was reported that 80% ethanol extract of Scutellaria baicalensis showed inhibition of Streptococcus mutans at the lower dose of 750 lg/disc (Duan et al., ).
This study showed that Scutellaria baicalensis had a certain inhibitory effect on oral pathogens and had the potential to prevent dental caries. In addition, at a dose of 1 g/mL (i.g. for 4 days, 0.2 ml/day), the WESB had obvious antibacterial effects against common pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella in vitro and in vivo (Cui et al.).
It is well known that Scutellaria baicalensis extracts display extensive antiviral activity. But the antiviral mechanism is still unclear. Zofia et al. studied the antiviral mechanism of the EESB by using human peripheral blood leucocytes (PBL) that were not infected and infected with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). They found that the EESB at dose of 200 lg/ml regulated innate antiviral immunity by regulating cytokine production including IFN-a and IFN-c, and stimulating human leucocyte resistance that was stimulating the production of TNF-a and IL (IL-12, IL-10).
Apart from these, it was revealed that the acetone extract of Scutellaria baicalensis (AESB) showed potent dose-dependent inhibition on all four DENV serotypes in Vero cells with the values of IC50 ranging from 86.59 to 95.19 lg/ml. An interesting finding was that when cells were treated with extracts of different DENV serotypes during virus adsorption, the IC50 value was reduced to ranging from 56.02 to 77.41 lg/ml (Zandi et al.). Additionally, in one report of 2015, a total of 30 compounds were isolated and identified from Scutellaria baicalensis, and five of them including baicalin, baicalein, wogonin, chrysin and oroxylin A showed significant anti-H1N1 activity with IC50 values of 7.4, 7.5, 2.1, 7.7 and 12.8 lm, respectively. It was worth mentioning that the cytotoxic activity was the strongest at 10 lm, and at this time, the inhibition rate was as high as 61.2%.
Antioxidant effects
In 1997, Gabrielska et al. studied the antioxidation effect of the extracts of Scutellaria baicalensis on UV-induced oxidation and found that Scutellaria baicalensis extracts could mediate various diseases especially skin disease caused by solar radiation through its ability to scavenge free radicals and protect against lipid peroxidation. Additionally, Gao et al. demonstrated that baicalein and baicalin scavenged hydroxyl radicals, DPPH radicals (IC50 = 24, 32 lmol/l) and alkyl groups (IC50 = 10, 20 lmol/l) in a dose-dependent manner, while baicalein and baicalin had no effect on these free radicals. Furthermore, at a dose of 10 lmol/l, baicalein and baicalin could not only effectively inhibit Fe2+ -ascorbic acid, AAPH or NADPH-induced mitochondrial lipid peroxidation in rat cortex, but also markedly protect cells from H2O2-induced damage in human neuroblastoma in the SH-SY5Y cell system. Therefore, they suggested that baicalein and baicalin could be used as good free radical scavengers for the treatment of craniocerebral injury associated with free radical attack.
It was reported that in the three extracts of hexane, acetone and methanol from Scutellaria baicalensis, the acetone extract of Scutellaria baicalensis had the highest antioxidant activity in a dose-dependent manner. The results indicated that the AESB could be used as a potential source of natural antioxidants during food processing (Chen et al.). As we know, Scutellaria baicalensis is one of the most commonly used herbs in Chinese medicine diet (CMD). Chan et al. studied the antioxidant capacity of three extracts of water, ethanol or ether from Scutellaria baicalensis by using chemical and biological methods and determined the total phenolic content of different extracts. They demonstrated that the extracts of Scutellaria baicalensis had the highest antioxidant activity, and there was a positive correlation between the antioxidant activity and the total phenolic content of the extracts. Therefore, they suggested that Scutellaria baicalensis could be used as an effective dietary antioxidant.
It is well known that microscopic and macrovascular complications of many diabetes are caused by free radicalinduced oxidative stress and a decrease in intrinsic antioxidant defence. Scutellaria baicalensis is used to treat many diseases related to oxidative stress such as diabetes because of its powerful antioxidant action and free radical scavenging activity. Moreover, Li et al. demonstrated that baicalin or baicalein was likely to be a candidate for new antidiabetic drugs.
It is worth noting that the chemical test methods for measuring antioxidant activity are nonspecific and incomplete. At present, whether the test results of in-vitro antioxidants are true and reliable is still a controversial issue.
Other pharmacological effects
In addition to the above pharmacological effects, other effects of Scutellaria baicalensis had also been reported. The protease inhibitor is a common class of anti-HIV drugs, especially ritonavir. However, when used by a patient, it can cause significant gastrointestinal disturbances such as nausea or vomiting.[80,81] Aung et al. (2005) used this rat heterotopic model to assess the effect of Scutellaria baicalensis on nausea caused by ritonavir. They found that the WESB at doses of 0.3 and 3.0 mg/kg with pretreatment could reversibly reduce ritonavir-induced kaolin intake in a dose-dependent manner. The reduction in area under the curves (AUCs) of kaolin intake between ritonavir alone with the WESB 0.3 mg/kg plus ritonavir, ritonavir only and the WESB 3 mg/kg plus ritonavir was 16.0% and 77.7%, respectively. Additionally, it was reported that the Scutellaria baicalensis extracts could protect the auditory function in noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) and the active ingredient could be baicalein (Kang et al.. However, the protective mechanism of baicalein remained to be studied.
Apart from these, Scutellaria baicalensis extracts have a remarkable effect of absorbing UV radiation. Jin et al. reported that 5% Scutellaria baicalensis extracts BuOH fraction could strongly absorb UV radiation, scavenge free radical activity and attenuate UV-induced HaCaT cell death.
At the same time, they first compared the sunscreen performance of sunscreens with or without supplementation of the BuOH portion of the Scutellaria baicalensis extracts in human in-vivo tests, and the sunscreen factor (SPF) values were 22.7 and 17.8, respectively. It was reported that wogonin at a dose of 20 mg/kg significantly reduced the percentage of cell proliferation in endometrial lesions. This mechanism may be related to the inhibition of estrogen receptor expression in T-HESC.
In 2017, Kudo et al. demonstrated that the MESB (35–75 lg/ml) could inhibit the production of melanin in a dose-dependent manner. In the latest study, it was reported that the WESB could cause paralysis and death of leeches in a relatively short time.

Summary of pharmacologic effects
In summary, Scutellaria baicalensis has a wide range of pharmacological activities including effects on the nervous system, effects on the immune system, liver protection, antitumour effects, antibacterial and antiviral effects, and antioxidant effects. These pharmacological effects indicate that Scutellaria baicalensis has extensive development prospects in the treatment of liver cancer, depression, diabetes and especially cancer. However, the relationship between its pharmacological activities and specific chemical components is not clear. Therefore, it is urgent and important to research on the structural effect of Scutellaria baicalensis.

Scutellaria baicalensis, the golden herb from the garden of Chinese medicinal plants

The potential anticancer activity of extracts derived from the roots of Scutellaria baicalensis on human oral squamous cell carcinoma cells

Induction of Apoptosis Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi Root Extract by Inactivation of the Phosphatidyl Inositol 3-kinase/Akt Signaling Pathway in Human Leukemia U937 Cells

Anticancer activity of extracts derived from the mature roots of Scutellaria baicalensis on human malignant brain tumor cells

Baicalein and baicalin inhibit colon cancer using two distinct fashions of apoptosis and senescence

Baicalin

Baicalein

Wogonin

Chrysin

Scutellaria baicalensis (Lamiaceae)

Common names Huang Qin; Baikal Skullcap; Chinese Skullcap

How used Medicinal

Activities 487 Chemicals wActivities 90  Chemicals 239

# Chemicals Activity: Antioxidant, Cancer-preventive, Antibacterial, Antiinflammatory, FLavor, Fungicide, Antiaggregant, Perfumery, Antimutagenic, Antispasmodic, Antiviral, Hypocholesterolemic,, Antiseptic, Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor, Diuretic, Antileukemic, Vasodilator, Sedative, Hypotensive, ….

Reference:

Aloe Research Council – Duke writeup of non-peer reviewd book by Coats and draft by HenryMartindale’s 29thBiochem Pharmacol, 40(10)_ 2227.Amoros, M., Simoes, C.M.O., Girre, L., et al. Synergistic Effect Of Flavones And Flavonols Against Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 In Cell Culture. Comparison With The Antiviral Activity Of Propolis. J. of Natural Products 55(12)_1732-1740, 1992.Shimizu, M., Ito, T., Terashima, S., Hayashi, T., Arisawa, M., Morita, N., Kurokawa, S., Ito, K., and Hashimoto, Y. 1984. Inhibition of Lens Aldose Reductase by Flavonoids. Phytochemistry, 23_ 1885-1888.Life Sciences 55_ 1061.Foster, S. and Yue, C-G. 1992. Herbal Emissaries-Bringing Chinese Herbs to the West. Healing Arts Press, Rochester VT. 356 pp_

Baicalin Baicalin is the glycosyloxyflavone which is the 7-O-glucuronide of baicalein. It has a role as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, an EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor, a prodrug and a plant metabolite. It is a glucosiduronic acid, a glycosyloxyflavone, a dihydroxyflavone and a monosaccharide derivative. It derives from a baicalein. It is a conjugate acid of a baicalin(1-).

Wogonin 7-O-D-glucuronide 

Scutellaria baicalensis, the golden herb from the garden of Chinese medicinal plants

x x x x x x

Baikal Skullcap

Scientific Name(s): Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi.
Common Name(s): Baical skullcap, Chinese skullcap, Golden root, Huang chin, Huang lien, Huang-qin, Hwang-keum, Hwanggum, Koganebana, Senohgon, Whang-geum, Wogon

Medically reviewed by Drugs.com. Last updated on Mar 1, 2019.

Clinical Overview

Use

Baikal skullcap has been used for anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunoprotective, anticancer, antimicrobial, antiviral, and circulatory conditions. However, limited quality clinical trials are available to support these uses.

Dosing

3 to 10 g/day, 3 to 9 g root/day, 2 to 6 g dry root/day, 4 to 12 mL fluid extract.

Contraindications: Contraindications have not been identified.

Pregnancy/Lactation: Information regarding safety and efficacy in pregnancy and lactation is lacking.

Interactions: None well documented.

Adverse Reactions: Few adverse reactions have been reported.

Toxicology: In a phase 1 study of healthy volunteers, baicalein 100 to 2,800 mg was not associated with hepatic or kidney toxicity.

Scientific Family

• Lamiaceae (mint)

Botany

Baikal skullcap is an herbaceous perennial with fleshy roots, growing to 0.3 to 1.2 m in height. It has lancet-shaped leaves, purple-blue flowers, and black-brown, egg-shaped nutlets. The plant is found in Japan, China, Korea, Mongolia, and Russia1 and thrives on sunny, grassy slopes and in dry, sandy soils. The dried root is used in traditional Chinese medicine. Baikal skullcap is related to skullcap (Scutellaria laterifolia), a North American species (see Scullcap monograph).2

History:Baikal skullcap is a Chinese medicinal herb that was used for over 2,000 years to treat fevers, hypertension, coughing, and other ailments, and is used today as a traditional remedy for dysentery and diarrhea. Baikal skullcap was included as an ingredient in several pharmaceutical combination preparations found in a second century AD tomb in northwestern China.2

Baikal skullcap is prescribed in China for fever, cough, GI, and urinary problems. These uses have been supported by clinical trials. Baikal skullcap is also used in Chinese herbal medicine for inflammation, allergies, dermatitis, hyperlipidemia, and atherosclerosis.2, 3

Chemistry

Major phytochemicals found in S. baicalensis include flavonoids, glycosides, and their glucoronides.1 Flavonoids present in S. baicalensis include baicalin, baicalein, wogonin, and wogonoside.2, 4 Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography determination of flavonoids from S. baicalensis root has been reported.5 Flavone synthases Ι and ΙΙ, chrysin, wogonin, apigenin, salvigenin, scutellarein, and isoscutellarein were among flavonoid constituents also found in S. baicalensis leaf parts.6 Flavones baicalein, oroxylin, and skullcapflavone ΙΙ also were identified.7 Other reports confirmed similar flavonoid content.8, 9One report described melatonin in certain plant samples.10 Other compounds include sterols and benzoic acid.2 The North American species, S. laterifolia differs in chemical constituents.

Uses and Pharmacology

Anti-inflammatory effects

Anti-inflammatory effects of Baikal skullcap are well documented. One study reported an effect similar to that of prednisolone with an methanolic extract of 3 flavonoids (wogonin, baicalein, and baicalin).11 Baicalein may be effective in yielding anti-inflammatory properties through inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX), ultimately reducing the formation of prostaglandins.12

Animal/In vitro data

Another study reported that chloroform extract of Saxifraga rivularis exhibited greater inhibition than indomethacin against carrageenan-induced rat paw edema. Baicalin also demonstrated the most effective inhibition activity when compared with baicalein and wogonin.13 Wogonin, baicalein, and baicalin all have been found to influence some anti-inflammatory pathways via certain proteins, antigens, and enzymes.14, 15, 16

A standardized and purified extract of S. baicalensis containing baicalein, oroxylin A, and wogonin exerted anti-inflammatory effects in both in vitro and in vivo models of colitis. Specifically, the extract reduced tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha-induced COX-2 expression by reducing the histopathological severity as well as the expression of COX-2, TNF-alpha, and interleukin-1beta.17 In a murine model, a Chinese formula containing S. baicalensis, Paeonia lactiflora, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, and Ziziphus jujube was similarly effective as compared with salicylazosulfapyridine in mice induced with colitis, resulting in improved colonic swelling and redness, and increased weight.18

In a study of 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene-induced contact dermatitis in BALB/c mice, topical application of an aqueous extract of S. baicalensis suppressed dermatitis by reducing the production of inflammatory cytokines (ie, IL-4, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha). Infiltration of leukocytes into the dermis and epidermal thickness were also reduced with S. baicalensis.19

Antioxidant effects

Flavonoids from S. baicalensis have been studied for antioxidant effects. Four major flavonoids (baicalein, baicalin, wogonin, and wogonoside) have been studied in various systems, confirming antioxidant activity.20

Animal/In vitro data

One study found that baicalein exhibited the most consistent antioxidant effects, with baicalin and wogonin also displaying some antioxidant effects. Wogonoside was found to be inactive.21An extract of the plant also demonstrated protective action against oxidation induced by ultraviolet light, suggesting potential use against certain skin diseases.22 Another study found that flavonoid baicalein inhibited lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsomes.23 Studies also found that baicalein and baicalin scavenged hydroxyl radical, superoxide anion, and other free radicals in a dose-dependent manner,4 and that baicalein directly scavenged superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals in cardiomyocytes.24 Flavonoids wogonin and wogonoside demonstrated subtle effects on these radicals, but did inhibit nitric oxide production, along with water extract of the plant.4, 25, 26 Results also showed that ganhuangenin isolated from S. baicalensis had greater antioxidant potency than alpha-tocopherol.27

Clinical data

There is no clinical data regarding the use of Baikal skullcap as an antioxidant.

Immunoprotective/Anticancer effects

Because of its potential effects as an antioxidant, Baikal skullcap also has been studied in immunology and cancer research.

Animal/In vitro data

In rats with Pliss lymphosarcoma associated with disorders in platelet-mediated hemostasis, S. baicalensis administration produced a normalizing effect that may be responsible for its antitumor and metastasis-preventing effect.28 In other reports, a 14-flavone combination from S. baicalensis had marked inhibitory effects on mouse skin tumor promotion29 and also demonstrated anticancer activity in laboratory mice with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.30 S. baicalensis, in an herbal preparation with 8 other herbs, was evaluated for treating prostate cancer. PC-SPES therapy reduced prostate-specific antigen by 50% in patients with hormone-resistant prostate cancer. Enzyme prostate acid phosphatase, commonly elevated in prostate cancer, was also decreased by the preparation.31, 32 However, PC-SPES was recalled and withdrawn from the market in February 2002 because certain batches were contaminated with US Food and Drug Administration–controlled prescription drugs. The manufacturer is no longer in operation, and PC-SPES is no longer being made. PC-SPES is not legally available in the United States.33

One study found that the administration of skullcap 25 mg/kg orally once daily in mice sensitized with ovalbumin in order to induce a food allergy response was associated with reduced anaphylactic response as well as reduction in cytokine production, concluding that skullcap may be a preventive moiety for food allergies.34

In a murine model of adenocarcinoma, baicalin ameliorated anorexia by reducing cytokine (ie, TNF-alpha, IL-6) levels and preventing muscle atrophy. Food intake was greater in mice receiving baicalin compared with those receiving a placebo.35

Baicalein inhibited the migration, adhesion, and invasion caused by 17-beta-estradiol in a line of breast cancer cells by interfering with the activation of the GPR30 signaling pathway.36

Wogonin inhibited cell viability in both a time- and dose-dependent manner in HL-60 leukemia cells and also increased the activation of caspases 3, 8, and 9.37

In human colorectal cancer HCT116 cells, baicalein reduced cell viability in a concentration-dependent fashion. After 24 hours of treatment with baicalein, the cells were more rounded and dispersed with aggregation. Baicalein induced apoptosis of these colorectal cancer cells. Suppression of migration occurred with baicalein treated through its ability to inhibit matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9. Baicalein also reduced the formation of tumors associated with inflammation.38

Cell viability of peripheral blood leukocytes obtained from children with acute lymphocytic leukemia was reduced with the use of a S. baicalensis extract.39

Clinical data

S. baicalensis administered to lung cancer patients improved certain immunoglobulins.40Another report investigated the effects of the components of a Japanese herbal medicine Sho-saiko-to (TJ-9) on IL-12 production in the adherent cell (monocyte/macrophage) fraction and in the nonadhered cell (lymphocyte) fraction of peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from liver cirrhosis patients and healthy subjects. IL-12 is an important cytokine that maintains systemic defense and bioregulation.41 Dry extract of baical skullcap given to 88 lung cancer patients increased hematopoiesis stimulation and improved other anticancer parameters.42Baicalin and baicalein inhibited cell proliferation in certain cell lines,43 induced quinone reductase,44 and induced apoptosis in prostate cancer cells.45 Other in vitro effects included antigenotoxic actions of baicalein.46

Antimicrobial effects

Animal/In vitro data

Several studies evaluating the antimicrobial effects of Baikal skullcap have been conducted. In vitro testing of an S. baicalensis preparation on selected oral bacteria demonstrated bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects at specified concentrations.47 The flavone isolate baicalin was found to be synergistic with beta-lactam antibiotics against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and other beta-lactam-resistant strains of S. aureus.48 One study found that baicalein was effective against penicillinase-producing S. aureus and MRSA by inhibiting penicillinase in a dose-dependent manner.49 Antiviral effects of the plant also have been reported. A flavonoid compound from S. baicalensis inhibited T-cell leukemia virus type Ι (HTLV-Ι). Constituent baicalin inhibited reverse transcriptase activity in HTLV-Ι-infected cells, as well as the activity of purified reverse transcriptase from Moloney murine leukemia virus and Rous-associated virus type 2.50 Other flavones, such as isoscutellarein from S. baicalensis leaves, also showed anti-influenza virus activity in vitro.51 Isoscutellarein-8-methylether from S. baicalensis roots had effects against influenza A and B viruses, with results suggesting inhibition of the replication of A/Guizhou and B/Ibaraki viruses by inhibiting the fusion of viral envelopes with the endosome/lysosome membrane that occur in the early stage of the virus infection cycle.52

Another in vitro study found baicalein exerted antimicrobial effects against 11 different oral bacterial species. Baicalein also exerted synergistic and sometimes additive effects when administered in combination with ampicillin and/or gentamicin in these bacterial strains.53

Clinical data

A Scutelleria compound injection versus intravenous piperacillin was studied in 60 patients with pulmonary infection. Results were comparable in certain parameters, such as effective rates, leucocyte count, and low adverse reaction incidence. However, in the piperacillin group, 4 of the 30 patients had subsequent fungal infections; whereas, in the Scutelleria group, no fungal infections were found after treatment.54 High antifungal activity was found against Candida albicans caused by S. baicalensis in an herbal screening study.55 Antifungal effect was due to baicalein in another report in which S. baicalensis was found to be active against Cryptococcus neoformans and Pityrosporum.56

Cardiovascular effects

Animal/In vitro data

Baikal skullcap has been used to alleviate circulatory problems (eg, high blood pressure, arteriosclerosis, varicose veins, bruising).2 Flavone baicalein inhibited thrombin and thrombin-induced calcium and plasminogen activators in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells, suggesting potential benefits in arteriosclerosis and thrombosis.57

S. baicalensis roots have been suggested to reduce blood pressure, particularly in renin-dependent hypertension; however, in a murine model, baicalein increased sensitivity to vasoconstriction. Inhibition of lipoxygenase may also explain baicalein’s hypotensive effects.12

Baicalein reduced thrombin-mediated fibrin polymerization, prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time, reduced platelet aggregation, decreased FeCl₃-induced thrombus formation, and inhibited activated factor X and thrombin activity. Additionally, bleeding time measured in mice tails was prolonged. However, baicalein exerted weaker anticoagulant activities when compared with warfarin and heparin.58

Clinical data

Research reveals no clinical data regarding the use of Baikal skullcap for cardiovascular effects.

Neuroprotective effects

Baikal skullcap may exert a protective effect in neurodegenerative diseases due to anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiapoptotic effects.1

Animal/In vitro data

Baikal skullcap may be useful for the treatment of Alzheimer disease. Flavonoids from Baikal skullcap exerted a protective effect on hippocampal neurons by reducing lipid peroxidation build up and glial cell proliferation.59 In a murine model of okadaic acid-induced neuronal damage, S. baicalensis reduced neuronal injuries in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. Additionally, S. baicalensis reversed the reduction in neuron count.60

In an 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced murine model of Parkinson disease, baicalein 140 or 280 mg/kg improved behavioral deficits caused by the MPTP similar to those of the positive control of madopar. Baicalein was also associated with improvements in neurogenesis, neuroblast proliferation, neurotrophin signaling pathway, walking and locomotor behaviors, and regulation of gene expression.61

Clinical data

There is no clinical data regarding the use of Baikal skullcap for neuroprotective effects.

Psoriasis

Animal/In vitro data

In a murine model, topical application of baicalin cream inhibited a 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene-induced contact hypersensitivity reaction. The anti-inflammatory effect was not the same magnitude as that seen with tacrolimus. The effects were stronger at higher concentrations as well as at 48 hours as compared with 24 hours. Additionally, baicalin cream produced differentiation in the epidermis of mouse tails with psoriasis, with the 5% cream having the greatest effect compared with baicalin 1% and 3% creams.62

Clinical data

One case report described the successful treatment of psoriasis with a topical ointment containing S. baicalensis as well as Indigo naturalis and Cortex phellodendri. An 8-year-old male with a 2-year history of psoriasis was originally responsive to traditional therapies; however, his symptoms worsened with continued therapy. After receiving the combination ointment twice daily for 2 months, his previous 80% body surface coverage improved to 0%. He remained in remission for 1 year, and for occasional small flare-ups, reapplication to the ointment was beneficial.63 However, no clinical evidence exists.

Other effects

Baicalin exhibited hepatoprotective actions in rats as well.64 Other uses of Baikal skullcap preparations include treatment of neonatal jaundice,65 marked antiulcerogenic actions,66 sores, swelling, boils, and diabetic problems.2

An in vitro study reported weak estrogenic activity associated with S. baicalensis.67

Five flavonoids derived from S. baicalensis were found to inhibit alpha-glucosidase activity in vitro. Specifically, the strongest inhibitor was baicalein followed by wogonin, baicalin, chrysin, and oroxylin A.68 Additionally, baicalein inhibited the activity of rat intestinal sucrose as well as human intestinal sucrose expression in Caco-2 cells. Therefore, the compound might be useful in lowering postprandial blood glucose levels.69

Dosing

3 to 10 g/day, 3 to 9 g root/day, 2 to 6 g dry root/day, 4 to 12 mL fluid extract.70

Pregnancy / Lactation

Information regarding safety and efficacy in pregnancy and lactation is lacking. In a study of mice, administration of an aqueous extract of S. baicalensis root up to 32 g/kg/day did not result in fetal malformation. However, the maximum dose 32 g/kg/day resulted in maternal elevations in liver and kidney weights.71, 72, 73, 74

Interactions

Alpha glucosidase inhibitors

Because baicalein may have a mechanism of action similar to that of alpha-glucosidase inhibitors,69 use caution in patients receiving alpha glucosidase inhibitors should be monitored for hypoglycemia if taken with baicalein.

Antiplatelets/Anticoagulants

Due to potential antiplatelet, anticoagulant, and profibronolytic effects of baicalein,58 it should be used with caution in patients taking any medications or supplements that can prolong bleeding time.

Garlic supplementation

In a murine model, the addition of garlic to S. baicalensis was associated with a reduced area under the curve and time to maximum plasma concentration.75

Adverse Reactions

Few adverse reactions have been reported. Because flavones of Baikal skullcap have been shown to interact with the benzodiazepine site of the gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptor, sedation may occur with coadministration.76 No adverse reactions were reported in liver, kidney, or medulla regions in a 60-patient study of IV Scutellaria compound.54 Isolate isoscutellarein from S. baicalensis leaves produced negligible toxic effects in mice.48 Limbrel (flavocoxid), a prescription medical food product containing baicalin and catechins, has been associated with hepatic injury. A case series reported 4 cases of liver injury due to flavocoxid (250 to 500 mg twice per day) for the treatment of osteoarthritis in women between 57 and 68 years of age. The appearance of symptoms (ie, jaundice, pruritus, abdominal pain, fever, rash) occurred within 1 to 3 months of initiation and resolved within a few days of discontinuation. Because Limbrel contains a proprietary blend of compounds from both S. baicalensis and A. catechu, discerning which may be responsible for liver injury may not be possible.77 Hyperactive bowel sounds, abdominal distention, constipation, dizziness, somnolence, blurred vision, reduction in plasma fibrinogen, and reduction in blood leukocyte were reported in healthy volunteers taking baicalein 100 to 2,800 mg in a phase 1 study.78

Toxicology

In a phase 1 study of healthy volunteers, baicalein 100 to 2,800 mg was not associated with hepatic or kidney toxicity.78

Index Terms

• Scutellaria laterifolia
• Skullcap

References

Disclaimer

This information relates to an herbal, vitamin, mineral or other dietary supplement. This product has not been reviewed by the FDA to determine whether it is safe or effective and is not subject to the quality standards and safety information collection standards that are applicable to most prescription drugs. This information should not be used to decide whether or not to take this product. This information does not endorse this product as safe, effective, or approved for treating any patient or health condition. This is only a brief summary of general information about this product. It does NOT include all information about the possible uses, directions, warnings, precautions, interactions, adverse effects, or risks that may apply to this product. This information is not specific medical advice and does not replace information you receive from your health care provider. You should talk with your health care provider for complete information about the risks and benefits of using this product.

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