Reč tezaurus (rečnik sinonimnih, asocijativnih pojmova) izvedenica je iz latinskog jezika iz 16. veka i novolatinske reči thesaurus koja je nastala od grčke reči θησαυρός, thesauros – skladište, riznica, blago, dragocjenost.
Izraz tezaurus je upotrebljavan u različitom značenju o čemu svedoči brojna literatura, što znači da se s razvojem tezaurusa proširivalo i njegovo značenje:
a jezičko blago, zbirka jezičkog blaga
b bilo kakav rečnik, enciklopedija, leksikografski priručnik
c popis semantički povezanih reči
d rečnik sinonima
e abecedno uspostavljen rečnik sinonima i antonima
f specijalizovani vokabular pojedine oblasti, na primer medicine ili muzike
Od srednjeg veka taj se izraz koristi u prenesenom značenju za rečnike, a kasnije za enciklopedije (u smislu jezičnog blaga).
Dokumentacijski tezaurus nastoji ograničiti raznovrsnost prirodnog jezika jer za isti ili sličan pojam uvek treba koristiti istu oznaku.
Izvor: W
- Anthroposophic Preparations
A
Anthroposophic Preparations (Antropozofski preparati)
Definition
Anthroposophic preparations are developed and composed according to the principles of anthroposophic cognition of humans, animals, substances and nature and are appropriate to be used in accordance with these principles.
They are produced according to methods used in anthroposophic pharmacy.
An anthroposophic preparation may contain one or more active substances as well as vehicles and other excipients.
According to anthroposophic principles, active substances may be starting materials which are used as such or starting materials which have been transformed into active substances by a process of anthroposophic pharmacy, including compositions.
Compositions are active substances which are obtained, when two or more starting materials or preparations, with or without excipients, are processed together in a pharmaceutical process of anthroposophic pharmacy (e.g. Ferrum-Quarz).
Vehicles are excipients, which are used to produce active substances (e.g. in the process of potentisation, substances as water, alcohol, whey, lactose, rice starch or glycerine are used). Further excipients are used in the preparation of dosage forms.
Starting Materials
Starting materials for the production of anthroposophic preparations are substances of natural or synthetic origin, in particular :
- Minerals, rocks, metals, natural waters (e.g. sea water)
- Starting materials of botanical origin are usually from certified biodynamic or organic cultivation or sustainable wild plant harvesting: dried or fresh plants or parts of plants, including algae, fungi and lichens; plant secretions, juices, extracts (fractions), oleoresins, essential oils or distillation products (e.g. Pix betulae). Plants may be treated by fertilizing them specially with metal preparations or minerals during cultivation;
- Starting materials of zoological origin: whole animals, parts of animals (e.g. organ preparations), glandular secretions from animals, extracts (e.g. Iecoris oleum), calcareous deposits (e.g. Conchae);
Organ preparations are starting materials taken from healthy warm-blooded animals raised according to adequate and suitable, usually biodynamic standards: fresh or dried organs or parts of organs (including bones, glands), organ extracts, tissue or parts of tissue, preparations from fresh blood;
- Starting materials which can be characterised chemically (e.g. Cuprum metallicum, Aesculinum);
Starting materials used for the production of anthroposophic preparations must comply with the following requirements, where applicable:
- the general requirements for starting materials of the Pharmacopoeia (Ph.Eur. and Ph.Helv.), the German Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia (GHP/HAB), the French Pharmacopoeia (Ph.F.) or the British Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia (B.Hom.P.);
- the general requirements for homoeopathic preparations of the Pharmacopoeia, in particular the requirements of the general monograph Homoeopathic preparations of the European Pharmacopoeia;
- specific requirements of particular monographs of the Pharmacopoeia, the GHP (HAB), the Ph.F. or, or an appropriate quality monograph of the manufacturer, when there is no particular monograph in a pharmacopoeia. This quality monograph must comply with the requirements listed in Appendix 1 part II C 2 of the Ordinance for complementary and phytochemical Medicines (Komplementär – und Phytoarzneimittelverordnung, KPAV), SR 812.212.24.
…
Starting materials of botanical origin must comply with the monograph of the Ph.Eur. Herbal drugs for homoeopathic preparations (Plantae medicinales ad praeparationes homoeopathicas).
Methods of Preparation
Methods of preparation used in anthroposophic pharmacy include:
- homoeopathic preparation methods of the Pharmacopoeia (Ph.Eur. and Ph.Helv.), the GHP/HAB or the Ph.F.
- anthroposophic methods of preparation described in the GHP/HAB or the B.Hom.P., (methods 1, 2, 3, 4, 5a, 5b, 6, 8a and 12)
- Specific anthroposophic production processes(1)
Specific anthroposophic production processes are methods, based on an anthroposophic understanding of medicinal products, such as:
- heat and cold treatments (wet and dry processes, including rhythmic treatments and specific fermentation processes)
- specific methods used for manufacturing products from plants, minerals and metals
- comminuting, dissolving or surface-drying of starting material without further processing
- specific mixing processes
Dilutions and triturations can be produced by potentisation from concentrated preparations by applying an anthroposophic production process.
Anthroposophic pharmacy mainly uses decimal attenuation, rarely centesimal or vicesimal attenuation.
Dosage forms
An anthroposophic preparation may be used in all dosage forms described in the Pharmacopoeia or the GHP/HAB, which correspond to the perception of anthroposophic medicinal products.
All dosage forms of anthroposophic preparations must comply with the monograph of the relevant dosage form of the European Pharmacopoeia, unless otherwise justified.
This is an unofficial translation of a monograph in the Swiss Pharmacopoeia, published in Supplement 10.2. It is not legally binding.
Swissmedic Swiss Agency for Therapeutic Products Pharmacopoeia Division Hallerstrasse 7 P.O. CH-3000 Bern 9
Izvor: Swiss Pharmacopoeia
- Complementary and Alternative Medicine
C
Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is the term for medical products and practices that are not part of standard medical care.
- Standard medical careis medicine that is practiced by health professionals who hold an M.D. (medical doctor) or D.O. (doctor of osteopathy) degree. It is also practiced by other health professionals, such as physical therapists, physician assistants, psychologists, and registered nurses. Standard medicine may also be called biomedicine or allopathic, Western, mainstream, orthodox, or regular medicine. Some standard medical care practitioners are also practitioners of CAM.
- Complementary medicine is treatments that are used along with standard medical treatments but are not considered to be standard treatments. One example is using acupuncture to help lessen some side effects of cancer treatment.
- Alternative medicine is treatments that are used instead of standard medical treatments. One example is using a special diet to treat cancer instead of anticancer drugs that are prescribed by an oncologist.
- Integrative medicine is a total approach to medical care that combines standard medicine with the CAM practices that have shown to be safe and effective. They treat the patient’s mind, body, and spirit.
NCI provides evidence-based PDQ information for many CAM therapies in versions for both the patient and health professional.
Are CAM approaches safe?
Some CAM therapies have undergone careful evaluation and have found to be safe and effective. However there are others that have been found to be ineffective or possibly harmful. Less is known about many CAM therapies, and research has been slower for a number of reasons:
- Time and funding issues
- Problems finding institutions and cancer researchers to work with on the studies
- Regulatory issues
CAM therapies need to be evaluated with the same long and careful research process used to evaluate standard treatments. Standard cancer treatments have generally been studied for safety and effectiveness through an intense scientific process that includes clinical trials with large numbers of patients.
Natural Does Not Mean Safe
CAM therapies include a wide variety of botanicals and nutritional products, such as dietary supplements, herbal supplements, and vitamins. Many of these „natural“ products are considered to be safe because they are present in, or produced by, nature. However, that is not true in all cases. In addition, some may affect how well other medicines work in your body. For example, the herb St. John’s wort, which some people use for depression, may cause certain anticancer drugs not to work as well as they should.
Herbal supplements may be harmful when taken by themselves, with other substances, or in large doses. For example, some studies have shown that kava kava, an herb that has been used to help with stress and anxiety, may cause liver damage.
Vitamins can also have unwanted effects in your body. For example, some studies show that high doses of vitamins, even vitamin C, may affect how chemotherapy and radiation work. Too much of any vitamin is not safe, even in a healthy person.
Tell your doctor if you’re taking any dietary supplements, no matter how safe you think they are. This is very important. Even though there may be ads or claims that something has been used for years, they do not prove that it’s safe or effective.
Supplements do not have to be approved by the federal government before being sold to the public. Also, a prescription is not needed to buy them. Therefore, it’s up to consumers to decide what is best for them.
NCI and the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH) are currently sponsoring or cosponsoring various clinical trials that test CAM treatments and therapies in people. Some study the effects of complementary approaches used in addition to conventional treatments, and some compare alternative therapies with conventional treatments. Find all cancer CAM clinical trials.
Dr. Jeffrey D. White, OCCAM Director, explains the use of complementary and alternative medicine in cancer.
What Should Patients Do When Using or Considering CAM Therapies?
Cancer patients who are using or considering using complementary or alternative therapy should talk with their doctor or nurse. Some therapies may interfere with standard treatment or even be harmful. It is also a good idea to learn whether the therapy has been proven to do what it claims to do.
To find a CAM practitioner, ask your doctor or nurse to suggest someone. Or ask if someone at your cancer center, such as a social worker or physical therapist can help you. Choosing a CAM practitioner should be done with as much care as choosing a primary care provider.
Patients, their families, and their health care providers can learn about CAM therapies and practitioners from the following government agencies:
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health
- NCI Office of Cancer Complementary and Alternative Medicine
- Office of Dietary Supplements
Related Resources
- Thinking About Complementary and Alternative Medicine
- Using Trusted Resources
- FTC Cancer Treatment Scams
- Talking about CAM with Health Care Providers
- Updated:April 10, 2015
Izvor: National Cancer Instiutre
- European Medicines Agency
E
European Medicines Agency
European Union agency responsible for the protection of public and animal health through the scientific evaluation and supervision of medicines.
The European Medicines Agency (EMA) is a decentralised agency of the European Union (EU), located in London. It began operating in 1995. The Agency is responsible for the scientific evaluation, supervision and safety monitoring of medicines developed by pharmaceutical companies for use in the EU.
EMA protects public and animal health in 28 EU Member States, as well as the countries of the European Economic Area, by ensuring that all medicines available on the EU market are safe, effective and of high quality.
EMA serves a market of over 500 million people living in the EU.
More information
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About this website
FAQs - Gemmotherapy
G
Gemmotherapy
There are a number of therapies that have been used for the last thirty-five to two-hundred years that follow some homeopathic principles and are powerful adjuncts to classical homeopathic prescribing. Hahnemann utilized isotherapy which uses the dilutions of the blood or urine of the patient. Hering developed nosode therapy which incorporated diseased tissues, and Conan created diluted and dynamized organotherapy, which is the administration of healthy organs, glands or tissues from animals to rectify the analog organs, glands or tissues in the human patient.
Gemmotherapy is a branch of phytotherapy (more specifically embryophytotherapy) which was discovered by Henri Pol Bruxele and colleagues in 1965. This was further detailed and developed into a clinical application by Max Tetau, MD.
Gemmotherapy employs glycerine macerates of fresh buds and other vegetative tissues in the growing stage. Dechelating lithotherapy uses dilutions of minerals and rocks to help liberate oligoelements (trace elements) so that the latter can be more efficiently utilized by the body. Oligotherapy utilizes metalloid homeopathic dilutions of trace elements to improve enzyme function and is commonly used with the other therapies mentioned.
Oligotherapy (trace mineral therapy) is often used concurrently with gemmotherapy as they act as catalysts. The oligo elements catalyze the enzymatic systems of the body to more efficiently utilize the gemmotherapy allowing detoxification that would take months with gemmotherapy alone to happen within weeks.
Gemmotherapy incorporates the buds of fresh plants or embryonic tissues in the growth phase, such as young shoots. These tissues are rich in growth factors, including phyto hormones, auxins and gibberellins. The active principles in the gems are present which start to disappear after a plant reaches a certain point in its growth. An example is auxin which is a hormone found in plants, in vitro studies show that auxins stimulate cell growth. This substance has been tried in agricultural applications and has been successfully used in Italian peach orchards for the purpose of growing larger peaches that have a better resistance to disease.
Auxins have a fetal hormonal action and are found only in the buds of a plant. Gibberellins are the other principle factors in these remedies. They stimulate RNA and protein synthesis. Like the auxins, they are present only in the buds and are not found in the whole plant. Therefore all of our current homeopathic remedies that are prepared from the whole plant (usually flowering) do not have these key elements present.
THE PRIMARY USE OF GEMMOTHERAPY
DRAINAGE AND DETOXIFICATION
For many years gemmotherapy held an important place within French homeopathic circles where these macerations were used for the purpose of drainage and detoxification. It is for this reason that the first comprehensive studies on such therapy came about from the Homeopathic Society of Normandy and constituted the object of important publications in the homeopathic archives of Normandy.
Dr. Max Tetau states When an emunctory of the organism, that is an excretory system such as the kidneys, the liver, etc., is inadequate or blocked, when a glandular or tissulary system is deficient, when a well individualized treatment conforming to the similimum of the patient does not give the hopeful results, but on the contrary presents aggravations or the appearance of new troubles, it is necessary to stimulate the organs of elimination by means of medications whose organic tropism or physiological affinities are known… page 41.
Phytoembryotherapy, also referred to as gemmotherapy, is very close in concept to homeopathic therapy due to this drainage capacity. In a homeopathic sense, drainage stimulates the organs emunctories, allowing it to more effectively react to the homeopathic therapy.
Three types of drainage have been distinguished:
- Drainage by means of organ stimulation.
- Drainage by means of tissue excitation.
- Drainage by means of toxin elimination.
Gemmotherapy provides us with a modern method of drainage, perfectly adapted to the Vital Force disturbance being treated. It can easily be combined with other homeopathic prescriptions. If people are considered as a whole, the elements to which they fall prey develop on a terrain weakened by the slowing down of the elimination organs – emunctories – which are trying to work while there is a continued growth of a pool of toxic substances, badly broken down metabolites, waste material and immune complexes. There is also a concurrent decrease in the defense systems.
In the past drainage remedies have been limited to what was available in our Materia Medica. The kidneys were stimulated by berberis and solidigo. The liver with chelidonium, taraxacum, and carduus marianus. The skin was drained with fumaria, saponaria and viola tricolor. Other remedies were aimed at tonifying the veins like aesculus, hamamelis, hydrastis and viburinum. These previously utilized approaches can be amplified and diversified with the use of specific gemmotherapy remedies, as well as organotherapy which is used to stimulate or regulate the function of specific organs.
Homotoxicology is a parallel concept. Their hypothesis is a progressively worsening internal clogging of the body as a primary path of the aging or disease process. This concept is quite valid since it facilitates the development of pathology. Homotoxicology remedies are combinations used to reverse this toxic trend and bring the body back into a healthier state.
Drainage is a technique acting internally as one of the Natura Medicatrix, a specific Hippocratic concept. Draining remedies work in a mild and prolonged manner as they aid the function of the bodies emunctories in order to gently detoxify it. Homeopathic remedies customized according to the Law of Similars are more likely to work on a terrain that has been thus improved with a significant reduction in the risk of aggravation.
For today’s homeopath, drainage has become an even more important issue. Our patients have changed considerably from those who have consulted Hahnemann or, more recently Kent and Hering. The patients we see today are stuffed with tranquilizers and sleeping pills. Heart and stress patients come to us with a variety of antiarrythmic’s, diuretics and calcium deposits. Hormone therapy and vaccinations flourish among our population. Antibiotics, anti- inflammatories, analgesics and antihistamines are all in wide spread usage. As some of these medications are often necessary, there is no question about stopping them immediately, rather we seek an eventual reduction in the drugs used.
WHERE DO THE GEMMOTHERAPIES COME FROM
As soon as they are harvested, the bud and embryonic plant tissue are soaked in a mixture of glycerin and alcohol, in a ratio of 120 of the dry weight of the fresh plant used. Glycerin is selected as an excipient as it allows for better extraction of the embryonic ingredients. After three weeks, the macerate is filtered and diluted to 110 with a mixture of water, alcohol and glycerin. With this 110 solution, Hahnemann’s first decimal (DH), is the medicinal form of gemmotherapy remedies. It is the only one prescribed since it is the formula that provides the maximum and, above all, the most consistent effect. All of the glycerin extracted macerates are subject to the protocols in the French pharmacopoeia.
GEMMOTHERAPY A POWERFUL TOOL
FOR THE CLASSICAL HOMEOPATH
by Daniel P. Towle, D.C., DNBHE
- KOŠER
K
KOŠER
Reč Košer u izvornom (širem) značenju se može prevesti kao odgovarajući, u skladu, ispravan. Ujedno, to je i naziv sertifikata u industriji hrane i pića kojim se garantuje da je određeni prehrambeni proizvod ispunio zahteve propisane Torahom (poznatijim kao pet proroka Mojsijevih knjiga) i da kao takav može biti konzumiran od strane pripadnika jevrejske verske zajednice. Postoji knjiga koja sadrži detaljna objašnjenja za sve grupe prehrambenih proizvoda, a mi smo izdvojili samo osnovna pravila koja određuju koja hrana jeste „odgovarajuća“ u najužem smislu:
Meso i mesni proizvodi
Meso i mesni proizvodi samo određenih vrsta životinja smatraju se Košer. To su životinje koje se hrane iz posebnih posuda i žvaću hranu, te tako teletina i ovčetina spadaju u kategoriju dozvoljenih vrsta mesa, dok npr. meso zeca i svinje ne spada u Košer namirnice. Da bi meso pojedinih životinja bilo Košer, životinje moraju biti zaklane na tačno određen i ritualan način, koji takođe mora biti sertifikovan kao Košer. Suština je da životinja mora da bude ubijena na način koji ne zadaje bol, a takav obred isključivo obavlja specijalno obučeno osoblje koje se zove „šočet“ (shochet). Nakon što životinja ne daje znakove života, pristupa se ispitivanju na bolesti i odstranjivanju iznutrica, krvi i nerava. Posebna pažnja se posvećuje plućima životinje koja moraju biti zdrava i čista.
Piletina i ostalo živinsko meso
Košer živinom smatraju se samo kokoška, ćurka, guska i patka, a živinsko meso se ne sme mešati sa mlečnim proizvodima. I u ovom slučaju, klanje živine može da obavi samo „šočet“.
Riba
Sve vrste ribe koje imaju krljušt i peraja su Košer (npr. tuna, šaran, bela riba, losos). Druge vrste morske ribe, kao i morske životinje (sve vrste ljuskara, jastog, rakovi, hobotnice, školjke, krabe i sl) nisu Košer. Takođe, Košer nisu ni som i šaran. Za razliku od životinja, za ribu ne postoji propisan ritual ubijanja, ali je za raspoznavanje i garanciju da je neka riba Košer neophodno da se na ribi, prilikom kupovine, nalaze peraja.
Voće, povrće i zrnasto povrće
Ove vrste proizvoda, po pravilu jesu Košer. Postoji samo jedan izuzetak, a to su pojedine vrste proizvoda koji se dobijaju od grožđa.
Sir
Iako je sir mlečni proizvod, neke vrste sireva jesu Košer, uz uslov da su proizvedeni od Košer životinje.
Dodaci
Riba, jaja, povrće, voće i mahunarke mogu biti konzumirani sa mlečnim ili mesnim prozvodima. Stoga, ulja kao što su biljna, se mogu koristiti u pripremi mlečnih i mesnih proizvoda.
Kako do sertifikata?
Sertifikat izdat od ovlašćenog Rabina garantuje da se Vaša proizvodnja obavlja u skladu sa Košer pravilima. S obzirom da Košer nije tako redak kod nas, možete se raspitati među preduzećima iz Vaše branše koje korake treba preduzeti u cilju pribavljanja ovog sertifikata. Tendencija da se, bez obzira na veroispovest, ljudi sve više okreću zdravom načinu života, pa samim tim i ishrane, otvara nove tržišne mogućnosti za sva domaća preduzeća kojima je cilj širenje i unapređivanje postojećeg načina proizvodnje i poslovanja.
U zavisnosti od karakteristika samog proizvodnog procesa, verifikacija usaglašenosti sa Košer standardom može biti zahtevnija ili manje zahtevna (npr. za mesnu industriju je potrebna detaljna kontrola, samim tim je i verifikacija dugotrajnija i skuplja). Takođe, posedovanje drugih standarda i sertifikata poput HACCP i Halal znatno olakšavaju uvođenje Košer standarda. Kako ne biste uvodili novu liniju, savet je da neku od postojećih proizvodnih linija prilagodite Košer zahtevima. Posedovanje Košer sertifikata omogućava osvajanje novih tržišta i klijenata.
Izvor: siepa.gov.rs
- Komisija E (Commission E)
Komisija E (Commission E)
The German Legal and Regulatory Environment and the History and Background of Commission E
Legal History
In contrast to other countries in Europe, herbal medicines have a special status in Germany, beginning with the Imperial Decree of 1901 that permitted the trade of many botanical drugs outside pharmacies. This was incorporated into Articles 29 – 31 of the First Medicines Act (AMG) of 1961 (Schilcher, 1998b).
The legal basis for modern drug laws in Germany is based on European Community Directives 6565EEC issued in 1965, plus Directives 75318EEC and 75319EEC, issued in 1975. Under the terms of these directives all member states of the European Community pledged to establish a formal review of all medicinal products on the market at that time and to assure that they met appropriate standards for quality and purity. Products were to be reviewed for safety and efficacy and re-registered by 1990 in Germany.
Consequently, on August 24, 1976, Germany passed the Second Medicines Act ( Arzneimittelgesetz 1976, or AMG 76), which went into effect January 1, 1978, and required that the entire range of medicines in the pharmaceutical market (including conventional drugs, as well as medicinal plants and phytomedicines) be reviewed by scientific committees. AMG 76 includes special sections on phytomedicines Article 22 Abs. 2 Nr.2, Section Article 25 Abs., Article 36, Article 44, and Article 45.
In 1978 the Minister of Health established a series of commissions to review various categories of drugs, including an expert committee for herbal drugs and preparations from medicinal plants, Commission E. These commissions were situated at the Bundesges-undheitsamt (BGA), the Federal Health Agency, charged with reviewing and approving the safety and efficacy of all drugs. In 1994 the BGA became the Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte (BfArM), the Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices.
According to the AMG 76, for preparations that were already on the market at that time, a transition period of 12 years was allowed, following European guidelines. During this time, the products remained on the market, but evidence of quality, safety, and effectiveness still required validation. The regulations were designed so that the manufacturer had to provide proof of pharmaceutical quality for traditional herbal ingredients, whereas evaluations of safety and effectiveness were relegated to the monographs to be published by Commission E (Steinhoff, 1997b).
However, all drugs that came into the market after the law went into effect (1978) had to be evaluated according to the procedures for new drug approvals. This applied to herbal and conventional drugs alike. The manufacturer must apply every five years for an extension of the drug registration. Proof of quality, safety, and effectiveness applied equally; however, for safety and effectiveness, reference to bibliographic evidence was allowed for herbal drugs (Steinhoff, 1997b).
Table 11 The Commissions of the German Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM)
Commission/ Area of Expertise
B1 Angiology, cardiology, nephrology
B2 Rheumatology
B3 Neurology
B4 Endocrinology
B5 Gastroenterology, metabolism, urology
B6 Infectious diseases, oncology, immunology, pulmonology
B7 Dermatology, hematology
B8 Balneology
B9 Dentistry, odontology
B10 Infusion and transfusion medicine
B11 Radiology and nuclear medicine
C Anthroposophic therapy and substances
D Homeopathic therapy and substances
E Phytotherapy and herbal substances
F Veterinary medicine
109a AMG 76 Traditional Medicines
These commissions scientifically evaluated the following number of medicines from 1978 until September 1994 1,369 conventional drugs, 360 herbal drugs, and 187 veterinary drugs (Busse, 1997a). By the end of 1995, the total number of herbs evaluated by Commission E was 360, whereas the number of herb parts reviewed as preparations was at least 391. This seeming discrepancy is because in some cases there is a monograph for each of several parts from the same plant (e.g., Senna fruit and Senna leaf; Hawthorn leaf with flower, Hawthorn fruit, leaf, or flower respectively).
Composition of Commission E
According to the Second Medicines Act the members of the scientific committees must have experience in the respective therapeutic area.Commission E was composed of 24 members proposed by associations of the health professionals (physicians, pharmacists, non-medical practitioners (Heilpraktiker), pharmacologists, toxicologists, and biostatisticians) and by representatives of the pharmaceutical industry (Keller, 1992). Fifty percent are experts from the clinical or therapeutic field (Busse, 1996). Scientists and physicians serving on the Commission have authored over 1,000 scientific publications, not only in phytotherapy, but also in medicine, pharmacology, dentistry, health care delivery, and medical ethics. One longstanding member has written that the interdisciplinary nature of the Commission is unique in the entire world (Schilcher, 1997b). The Commission will be appointed every three years by the Minister of Health. The Commission is headed by a Chairman (Dr. Oelze) and a Vice President (Prof. Dr. H. Schilcher). The contact to the BfArM is Dr. K. Keller, who is considered the Referee (Berichterstatter). For a list of the current members of the Commission, please see page xvii.
Traditional Medicines
For old herbal products already on the market that could not meet Commission E standards, a Traditional Medicine status was introduced in January 1992 that permitted the re-registration of traditional medicines without requiring rigorous studies and scientific data on a specific product (Steinhoff, 19934b). According to Article 109a of the AMG 76, these traditional products must be safe and meet standards for quality. The challenge of proving efficacy can be overcome by using traditional use as a criterion for effectiveness drugs that have proven useful for many years. (Steinhoff, 1997b.)
These traditionally used preparations also must pass the review and control of the new Commission to 109a AMG 76, established in August 1996. This commission makes lists for traditional medicines (not limited to herb-based products) to include specific products mentioned in Article 44(1) AMG 76. Medicinal claims must be limited to minor conditions and preventive statements, and the phrase traditionally used in must be on the label. They can be intended only for indications such as strengthening, invigorating, or supporting the body (possibly not unlike a structure-function claim under DSHEA in the U.S.), but they cannot be intended to cure or treat a disease. Phyto-medicines approved by this commission do not qualify for reimbursement from medical health plans (Shilcher, 1998c). This commission is also composed of an interdisciplinary group of experts. Prof. H. Schilcher is Vice President of both this commission and Commission E (Schilcher, 1997b).
In sum, although these products must still meet standards for quality manufacture, their historical uses are not documented by plausible scientific data. Thus, there is a distinction between the standards for the approval of Traditional Medicines and the scientific standards for herbal drugs approved by Commission E (Busse, 1997; Steinhoff, 19934b, Schilcher 1998).
Regarding the standards for quality, the pharmaceutical quality of Traditional Medicines must be documented. As of the fall of 1997 the Commission to 109a AMG 76 has listed over 800 substances (many herbal) that the manufacturers have petitioned for inclusion. The BfArM does not inspect the manufacture of these medicines, but the pharmaceutical manufacturer must provide a statutory declaration for the herb ingredient, dosage form, and intended use. (Steinhoff, 1997b).
Izvor: abc.herbalgram.orgr
- Međunarodna klasifikacija bolesti MKB-10
M
Međunarodna klasifikacija bolesti MKB-10
International Classification of Diseases (ICD)
International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems ICD-10
Međunarodna klasifikacija bolesti (ICD) je standardna dijagnostička metoda za epidemiologiju, zdravstveni menadžment i kliničke svrhe. Uključuje analizu opšteg zdravstvenog stanja stanovništva.
Koristi se za praćenje pojave i rasprostranjenosti bolesti i drugih zdravstvenih problema, što pokazuje sliku opšteg zdravstvenog stanja zemalja i populacije.
MKB-10 (ICD-10) koriste lekari, medicinske sestre, drugi provajderi, istraživači, menadžeri i koderi zdravstvenih informacija, zdravstvene informacione tehnologije, kreatori politike, osiguravajuća društva, organizacija pacijenata, …
Sve države članice SZO (WHO) koriste MKB-10 (ICD-10) prevedenu na 43 jezika.
MKB-10 je usvojena od strane četrdeset treće Svetske zdravstvene skupštine u maju 1990. godine, a stupila je u upotrebu u državama članicama SZO 1994. godine, MKB je trenutno pod revizijom, ICD-11 je predviđena za 2017. godinu.
Izvor: WHO http://www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/
A00-B99
Zarazne bolesti i parazitarne bolesti
C00-D48
Tumori
D50-D89
Bolesti krvi i bolesti krvotvornih organa i poremećaji imuniteta
E00-E90
Bolesti žlezda sa unutrašnjim lučenjem, ishrane i metabolizma
F00-F99
Duševni poremećaji i poremećaji ponašanja
G00-G99
Bolesti nervnog sistema
H00-H59
Bolesti oka i pripojaka oka
H60-H95
Bolesti uva i bolesti mastoidnog nastavka
I00-I99
Bolesti sistema krvotoka
J00-J99
Bolesti sistema za disanje
K00-K93
Bolesti sistema za varenje
L00-L99
Bolesti kože i bolesti potkožnog tkiva
M00-M99
Bolesti mišićno-koštanog sistema i vezivnog tkiva
N00-N99
Bolesti mokraćno-polnog sistema
O00-O99
Trudnoća, rađanje i babinje
P00-P96
Stanja u porođajnom periodu
Q00-Q99
Urođene nakaznosti, deformacije i hromozomske nenormalnosti
R00-R99
Simptomi, znaci i patološki klinički i laboratorijski znaci
S00-T98
Povrede, trovanja i posledice delovanja spoljnih faktora
V01-V99
Saobraćajni udesi
W00-X59
Drugi spoljašnji uzroci povređivanja
Y40-Y98
Komplikacije medicinskog i hirurškog lečenja
Z00-Z99
Faktori koji utiču na zdravstveno stanje i kontakt sa zdravstvenom službom
- ORGANIC SERTIFIKAT (BIO)
O
ORGANIC SERTIFIKAT (BIO)
Organska sertifikacija je sertifikacioni proces namenjen proizvođačima organske hrane i drugih poljoprivrednih proizvoda. Neophodni uslovi za sertifikaciju se razlikuju od države do države, ali generalno uključuju paket standarda za gajenje, skladištenje, prerađivanje, pakovanje i pošiljku.
Svrha sertifikacije
Usled prekomernog zagađenja planete i težnje za očuvanjem opšteg zdravlja, osamdesetih godina prošlog veka nametnula se potreba za smanjenjem hemijskih proizvoda koji se koriste u proizvodnji hrane. Intenzivnom poljoprivrednom proizvodnjom kakva je danas zastupljena na globalnom tržištu i sve većom upotrebom đubriva i pesticida, došlo je do preteranog zagađenja na poljoprivrednim površinama koje zahvataju veliki procenat naše planete. Iz tog razloga bilo je neophodno organizovati alternativni način proizvodnje koji će obezbediti dovoljne količine zdravije hrane, čija će proizvodnja i potražnja prevladati sadašnju konvencionalnu proizvodnju. Cilj je da se obezbedi kvalitet, spreči zloupotrebe i promoviše trgovinu organskom hranom. Današnji vid trgovine hranom zahteva obavezan organic sertifikat da bi svi korisnici u lancu trgovine bili sigurni da su kupili organski proizvedenu hranu, naročito krajnji konzumenti jer moraju da se oslone na sertifikaciona tela kako bi bili sigurni da su kupili kvalitetan organski proizvod.
Farme i proizvođači hrane koji poseduju BIO sertifikat imaju strogo kontrolisanu proizvodnju biološki vrednije hrane. Biološku vrednost hrane određuje sam način gajenja, izbor vrsta i sorti ili rasa, kao i rast i razvoj u uslovima približnim prirodnoj sredini. Drugim rečima, u pitanju je proizvodnja sa što manje tretiranja, koja isključuje prisustvo fungicida, pesticida, insekticida, rodenticida, anti-biotika, hormona i sintetičko-hemijskih supstanci.Uslovi
-Obavezna je upotreba zemljišta koje je bilo oslobođeno tretmana od hemijskih đubriva u periodu od nekoliko godina (3 godine i više),
-Neophodno je izbegavanje velikog broja hemijskih supstanci (npr. đubriva, pesticida, antibiotika, aditiva, rodenticida i fungicida), genetski modifikovanih organizama i sredstava za tretman voda,
-Detaljno zapisani podaci o proizvodnji i prodaji organski proizvedenih proizvoda,
-Strogo fizičko razdvajanje organske proizvodnje od konvencionalne proizvodnje,
-Stalne inspekcije i nadgledanje proizvodnje u toku proizvodnog procesa.
Sertifikacioni proces
Vlasnik farme ili menadžer je u obavezi da sprovede nekoliko novih aktivnosti, da bi farma dobro funkcionisala u novim uslovima:
-Da nauči sve o organskom standardu, šta nije dozvoljeno u korišćenju na farmi, uključujući skladištenje, transport i prodaju;
-Uslovi na farmi i proizvodnja se moraju uskladiti sa standardima, koji mogu usloviti menjanje objekta, nalaženje i menjanje potencijalnih dobavljača i dr.
-Neophodno je detaljno vođenje dokumentacije, prethodni istorijat farme, način organizacije i rezultati ispitivanja vode i zemlje koji se koriste, svakodnevno beleženje proizvodnih i marketinških aktivnosti;
-Pismena evidencija o godišnjem proizvodnom planu, sa svim neophodnim detaljima, od semena do prodaje: izvori nabavke semena, lokacije svih polja i useva, đubriva i kontrola suzbijanja štetočina, metodi žetve, evidencija skladištenog prostora;
-Neophodna je godišnja inspekcija, ispitivanje sve dokumentacije i usmeni razgovori sa svim učesnicima u proizvodnji;
-Godišnja inspekcijska/resertifikaciona naknada koja zavisi od države do države i od veličine poseda odnosno proizvodnje.
Prva sertifikacija farme zahteva da zemljište bude pripremljeno tj. da se nisu upotrebljavale nedozvoljene supstance (sintetički materijali i dr.) u određenom broju godina. Konvencionalna farma mora biti u periodu konverzije, tj. da ispunjava standarde organske pojloprivrede dve do tri godine. Proizvodi koji se dobiju u ovom periodu ne smatraju se u potpunosti organskim.
Sertifikacija kompanija koje ne proizvoda hranu je slična. Fokus je na sastojcima koji utiču na krajnji proizvod i uslovi rukovanja tim proizvodima. Transportna kompanija koja hoće da uvede organski sertifikat treba da ima detaljnu dokumentaciju o vozilima, skladištima, kontejnerima i sl, a restorani treba da imaju dozvolu inspekcije i od dobavljača koji su sertifikovani organik.
Država koja je najdalje odmakla u napretku i razvoju organske proizvodnje je Danska, gde je 25% ukupne poljoprivredne proizvodnje pod BIO sertifikatom. Od domaćih preduzeća koja imaju Organic sertifikat izdvajaju se: Midi Organic, Zadrugar, Beli Stonovi, Sirogojno, Suncokret, Albox, Foodland, Fungo Jug, DMV i drugi.
Izvor: siepa.gov.rs
- Nine Herbs Charm
Nine Herbs Charm
The Nine Herbs Charm is an Old English charm recorded in the 10th-century AD Lacnunga manuscript.
The charm is intended for the treatment of poisoning and infection by a preparation of nine herbs.Herbs:
The charm references nine herbs:
Artemisia vulgaris
Stachys officinalis(Echinochloa crus-galli)
Cardamine hirsuta
Plantago
Matricaria
Urtica
Malus silvestrys
Thymus vulgaris
Foeniculum vulgare - Srčana insuficijencija
S
Srčana insuficijencija
Srčana insuficijencija je smrtonosna i onesposobljavajuća bolest koja spada u najveće probleme savremene civilizacije. Procenjuje se da u zemljama Evropske unije oko 2% odraslih boluje od srčane insuficijencije, dok taj broj raste posle 65. godine na 6–10%.
Poslednje dve decenije incidencija srčane insuficijencije nije se povećavala, dok je prevalencija u porastu, zbog manjeg mortaliteta od kardiovaskularnih oboljenja.
Ovaj sindrom je uzrok 5% svih medicinskih i gerijatrijskih hospitalizacija, naročito kod starijih od 65 godina, što ukazuje na značaj preventivnog i pravovremenog lečenja.
Srčana insuficijencija je takođe uzrok velikih troškova zdravstvenog osiguranja, u kojima čini 2% od ukupnih troškova, od čega bolničko lečenje učestvuje sa oko 70%.
Izvor: Nacionalni vodič dobre kliničke prakse za dijagnostikovanje i lečenje srčane insuficijencije MZRS
- TERIAK-TERIJAK