Komorač Foeniculum vulgare (Apiaceae)

Komorač Foeniculum vulgare (Apiaceae)

BILJNI PREPARATI KOMORAČA:
TINKTURA – KOMORAČ HSS DER 1:5 i
MATIČNA TINKTURA – KOMORAČ TM DER 1:10 hidroetanolni ekstrakt suvog ploda komorača.

Tinctura Foeniculi e fructi 1:5 Ph.Eur.;
Foeniculi fructus sicis extractum ethanolicum liquidum 1:10 Ph. Fra. 1989.

BILJNI PREPARATI KOMORAČA:
TINKTURA – KOMORAČ HSS DER 1:5 i
MATIČNA TINKTURA – KOMORAČ TM DER 1:10 hidroetanolni ekstrakt suvog ploda komorača.

Tinctura Foeniculi e fructi 1:5 Ph.Eur.; 
Foeniculi fructus sicis extractum ethanolicum liquidum 1:10 Ph. Fra. 1989.

Foeniculi fructi extractum ethanolicum liquidum (amari et dulcis)

Preparati su namenjeni kod respiratornih i gastrointestinalnih tegoba, ekspektorans kod prehlade sa produktivnim kašljem, simptomatski kod spastičkih gastrointestinalnih tegoba praćenih nadimanjem i gasovima, simptomatska terapija kod spazama vezanih za menstrualni ciklus..

ATC: antiseptik,
ekspektorans (sekretolitik i sekretomotorik)
karminativ,
spazmolitik,
stomahik,

anetol, Fenhon, Estragol

London, 6 August 2007
Doc. Ref. EMEA/HMPC/137428/2006 Corr

U skladu sa:

Eu. Ph. 5.0, od 2005. monografijom: Fennel (0824/ 0825) Foeniculum vulgare L., (Ph Eur monograph 0824: Foeniculi amari fructus; 0825: Foeniculi dulcis fructus),

EMA/HMPC/137428/2006 od 06 avgusta 2007, Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC): Community herbal monograph on Foeniculum vulgare var. vulgare, fructus

EMA 07.07.2015.: EMA/HMPC/137426/2006, Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC) od 21 februara 2008:  Assessment report on Foeniculum vulgare var. vulgare, fructus

Pharmacopée française 1989: Foeniculum vulgare ad praeparationes homoeopathicas (Foeniculum vulgare pour préparations homéopathiques)

COMMUNITY HERBAL MONOGRAPH ON FOENICULUM VULGARE MILLER SUBSP. VULGARE VAR. VULGARE, AETHEROLEUM

Biljni preparati u tečnom obliku (nerazblaženi ili razblaženi) za oralnu i lokalnu upotrebu.

Sastav:

a) tečni ekstrakt (DER 1:5), ekstrakcioni rastvarač etanol 65% (v/v),

b) tečni ekstrakt (DER 1:10), ekstrakcioni rastvarač etanol 65%(v/v).

Foeniculum vulgare, sadrži vvv *(424) istraženih hemijskih jedinjenja koja ispoljavaju vvv *(842) dejstava (*u zagradi su podaci ažurirani juna 2016).

Sadržaj:

a) minimalno 0,0dd% m/m (MF: CddHddNOdd, MW: 2dd,40118 g/mol−1),

b) u većoj koncentraciji sadrži PETROSELINICACID Estragole

c) više od svih biljaka sadrži Anethole  Fenchone

d) plod sadrži do 89,2% vode.

 

Indikacije: biljni preparati su namenjeni poboljšanju opšteg stanja organizma kroz razna naučno dokazana dejstva.

Upotreba kod respiratornih, gastrointestinalnih i kožnih tegoba, regulisanja prekomerne težine: kao ekspektorans kod prehlade praćene produktivnim kašljem, za lakše iskašljavanje i smirivanje upale, kao i za otklanjanje tegoba organa za varenje u vidu grčeva.

(Dr. James Duke)  u Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, 2nd Ed. (2002). CRC Press, navodi sledeće:

Action, Medical Uses, and Dosage. – Carminative, stimulant, galactagogue, diuretic, and diaphoretic. Used in flatulent colic, and as a corrigent of unpleasant medicines. May be used in amenorrhoea and in suppressed lactation.

Fennel is a wonderful herb that helps alleviate tummy upset, colic, reflux, indigestion and heartburn, aids bowel movements, and prevents any associated cramping or griping. It is also a fantastic herb used to increase milk production in breastfeeding mothers.
For babies and children: Helps soothe colic in babies (mom takes herb and passes it to her baby through breastmilk.) For futher information on colic, see the article Gas, Colic and other Digestive Issues in Baby (Premium Article, All Access Membership required) as well as the Children’s Dosage Guidelines (free for public viewing). Many clients report that this product also helps to gently alleviate constipation in their babies. This is one of the main ingredients of Tea and Tincture. Note: may increase breastmilk production in some individuals.

Menopause activities for Foeniculum vulgare

Foeniculum vulgare MILLER – Apiaceae
Activity ( po broju akltivnih biohemijskih jedinjenja) pesticide, Cancer-preventive, a
ntibacterial, antioxidant, fungicide, antiinflammatory, flavor, antispasmodic, antiseptic, antitumor, allergenic, antimutagenic, perfumery, insectifuge, irritant, antiviral, sedative,
antiradicular, hypocholesterolemic, aldose-reductase-Inhibitor, analgesic 20, hypotensive, hepatoprotective, antiulcer, choleretic, diuretic, calcium-antagonist, antifeedant, herbicide, vasodilator, antiaggregant, nematicide, antitumor-promoter, antidiabetic, candidicide, antihistaminic, hypoglycemic, carcinogenic, expectorant, activity, antiherpetic, expectorant, antistaphylococcic antihepatotoxic, apoptotic, cardioprotective anticancer, antiatherosclerotic, chemopreventive, antiallergic, antidepressant, mutagenic, Immunostimulant, antiarthritic, cytotoxic 10, antiacetylcholinesterase, immunomodulator, antiacne … ukupno 424 jedinjenja.
Dr. Dzejms A. Djuk (Dr. James A. Duke)

Fennel seed: one of nine Anglo-Saxon sacred herbs for its conventional health benefits.

u većoj količini sadrži PETROSELINIC-ACID, ESTRAGOLE, OLEIC-ACID, ANETHOLE i TRANS-ANETHOLE (najviše posle Pimpinella anisum), ALPHA-PINENE, POTASSIUM, GLUTAMIC-ACID, ASPARTIC-ACID, GAMMA-TERPINENE,

više od svih biljaka sadrži Fenchone,

Activities: 842 Chemicals w/Activities: 325  All Chemicals: 424

Reference:

Duke, James A. 1992. Handbook of phytochemical constituents of GRAS herbs and other economic plants. Boca Raton, FL. CRC Press,

USDA’s Ag Handbook 8 and sequelae,

CRC Handbook of Medicinal Herbs and/or CRC Handbook of Proximate Analyses,

List, P.H. and Horhammer, L., Hager’s Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, Vols. 2-6, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1969-1979.

 

Data by Dr. Dzejms A. Djuk (Dr. James A. Duke)

Monografija nemačke E komisije (Commission E Monographs), terapijski vodič za biljne lekove, preporučuje Foeniculum vulgare za tretman

Doziranje i način primene:
do 2 mL (80 kapi) podeljeno u 2 do 4 doze.
Biljni preparat KOMORAČ HSS I TM:
pojedinačna doza: 0,5 – 1,0 mL,
maksimalna preporučena dnevna doza (MPDD): 2 mL.
Oralna (15-30 minuta pre obroka) i lokalna primena.
Upotreba na koži: aplicirati na obolelo mesto u tankom sloju ili obliku impregniranog zavoja.

Ne prekoračivati preporučene doze.

Napraviti pauzu posle 4 nedelje neprekidne upotrebe (oralna upotreba).

Po preporukama, preparat postiže najbolje efekte pri upotrebi od 8 do 12 nedelja, duža upotreba je bezbedna uz pauze. 

Kontraindikacije: preosetljivost na aktivne supstance, preosetljivost na biljke porodice (genus Foeniculum, family Apiaceae (Umbelliferae)).

Ne preporučuju se primena kod dece i adolescenata mlađih od 18 godina (zbog estragola), apsolutna kontraindikacija kod dece ispod 4 godine (Public statement on the use of herbal medicinal products containing estragole).

Čuvanje: na tamnom, suvom i hladnom mestu do 20˚C, van domašaja dece i izlaganja EM zračenju,  u dobro zatvorenoj originalnoj ambalaži.

Rok upotrebe: 5 godina, posle prvog otvaranja 6 meseci. 

Pakovanje: 50 mL i 100 mL, standardne farmaceutske braon bočice; 250 mL, 500 mL, 1000 mL i 5000 mL na zahtev.

Nutritivne informacije:
KOMORAČ HSS I TM:
energetska vrednost u 100 mL: 1504 kJ/ 360 kcal,
u preporučenoj dnevnoj dozi (PDD) 2 mL: 30 kJ/ 7,2 kcal,
suve materije (DR) više od 1,4% (Fr. Ph.), 1,5% (HAB).

Bez konzervanasa, proteina, masti i ugljenih hidrata. KOMORAČ HSS I TM  su rukom rađeni proizvodi. 

Analizu na teške metale, pesticide i mikrobiološku ispravnost preparata broj 4603120601 od 29.03.2016. godine izvršila ANAHEM LABORATORIJA BEOGRAD, u sklopu preparata RESPIRO 30.

CENOVNIK 

HSS 750 RSD 50 mL, 1500 RSD 100 mL, TINKTURA 1:5,

TM 600 RSD 50 mL, 1200 RSD 100 mL, MATIČNA TINKTURA 1:10.

http://www.biljni-preparati.com/preparati/komorac-foeniculum-vulgare-l/

Upotreba komorača (Foeniculum vulgaree L.) sa referencama

X X X X X 

Data by National Agricultural Library.

Foeniculum vulgare (Apiaceae)

Fennel is a common herb used in our kitchens and also an old-fashioned cough remedy that will loosen phlegm and ease coughs and colds. For 2000 years many people have relied on the herbal extract, or tea, for its digestive and weight control benefits. Promotes the functioning of the liver, kidneys, spleen and clears the lungs. It is mainly used for digestive disorders. It has an abundance of flavonoids which exert mild estrogenic effects. It has been useful for colic, menstrual cramps, gas, excessive mucus, indigestion, abdominal distension and an excellent herb for Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). This herbal tincture has been used successfully to prevent griping when strong laxatives are indicated. The seed’s medicinal properties have been shown to help in the treatment of kidney stones. As a diuretic, Fennel promotes urine flow. It is also thought to increase perspiration and reduce intermittent fevers. In addition, Fennel is believed to promote the functioning of the kidneys, liver, and spleen, and may reduce toxic effects of alcohol on the body. Fennel has also been used after chemotherapy and/or radiation treatments for cancer.
Fennel Seed extract is widely known for its benefits for digestive problems, including indigestion, flatulence, constipation and diarrhea. Some of its components, such as essential oils, acts as stimulants for the digestive tract and can increase the secretion of digestive and gastric juices. The actions are helpful to facilitate proper absorption of nutrients by your small intestine. Fennel also contains amino acid histidine, which may aid in the proper functioning of the entire digestive system. Because it relaxes the smooth muscle lining of the digestive tract, it has helped alleviate acid-stomach, the symptoms of food poisoning, motion sickness, bloating, nausea and vomiting. Fennel is an aromatic stimulant and a great herb for the gastric pain and colon disorders and also found to be helpful to ease infant colic.
Although it is sometimes thought to perk up a poor appetite, the herb may also help in weight loss programs. Fennel seed has been used successfully as both a metabolic enhancer and as a natural appetite suppressant. It is also considered to be a natural diuretic that can relieve bloating and aid in the reduction of water retention. Fennel seed extracts have an added benefit with regard to fat reduction in that it helps break up fat deposits in the bloodstream to be used as energy. By using energy sources the body has already stored, can reduce the cravings for food consumption. By increasing energy levels, Fennel seed may help to prolong physical activity when exercising or working out. It is a good source of vitamin C, and the seeds contain fiber and complex carbohydrates.
Researchers have found that Fennel seed contains melatonin. In 2011, Researchers at the University of Granada performed a study to show that melatonin, a natural hormone, so it has been used to regulate healthy sleep patterns, which also helps control weight gain.
Today, Fennel seed is being studied as having a role in the reduction of high blood pressure or hypertension. Calcium is an important mineral, as it helps to keep smooth muscles in the blood vessels toned and less likely to suffer injury. Calcium is also important for maintaining heart rate. Fennel Seed contains numerous flavonoid antioxidants like kaempferol and quercetin. A powerful anti-inflammatory, Fennel tincture may help prevent oxidation and inflammation, thus preventing many chronic conditions. Its actions are thought to offer the body protection from cancers, infections, aging and degenerative neurological disease.
Fennel is considered a very effective expectorant that has been known to expel mucus accumulations. It is a fine remedy for respiratory ailments, including asthma and bronchitis. The herb contains creosol and alpha-pinene, two agents that help to loosen phlegm and bronchial secretions and thereby ease non-productive coughs and relieve colds. Fennel appears to increase the efficacy of the antibiotic, streptomycin when used against tuberculosis, although it shows no effect on the disease-causing bacteria themselves.
Fennel is an herbal remedy that has been used to increase the function of the digestive system. This action may result in better absorption of vitamins and minerals, two things usually lacking in women with endometriosis and during the menstrual cycle. As an antifungal, Fennel is said to inhibit yeast growth and is effective against Candida Albicans. Recent studies show that Fennel Seed extract has an anti-fungal, antibacterial and anti-yeast activity against pathogenic organisms. Fennel Seed helps to normalize the liver function that increases the fat and protein metabolism which helps to inhibit bad estrogen in the women’s body before or during the menstrual cycle. High levels of bad estrogen not only elevate endometrial cramps but can also increase the risk of cancer and abnormal cell growth.
Fennel seeds health benefits have also been attributed to breast growth. Fennel is a phytoestrogen which means that it stimulates estrogen production in the body. When estrogen is stimulated, breast tissue growth is encouraged. As an added bonus, while increasing breast size, which many women find beneficial. Besides helping in breast growth it also increases milk production for lactating women and has been used to enrich and increase the flow of milk. The breast milk, in turn, supports healthy digestion in babies.
Fennel’s anti-inflammatory properties are another age-old remedy for alleviating stiff, painful joints, arthritis and rheumatism. This herb can help relieve water retention thereby helping to eliminate toxic wastes from the body, making it a good herbal remedy for treating arthritis and cellulite. It is also thought to hasten the healing of muscle strain and hernia.
Recent studies show that Fennel Seed extract has an anti-fungal, antibacterial and anti-yeast activity against pathogenic organisms. As an antifungal, Fennel is said to inhibit yeast growth and is effective against Candida albicans.
Fennel seed has been known to actually strengthen the eyes and hair, relax the body, sharpen the memory and has a cooling effect when one becomes overheated. It can be a cleansing ingredient when used in a facial steam for dry, as well as oily skin, and may also help to prevent wrinkles and acne. The herb is known to keep the skin toned and delay the onset of lines, dark spots and wrinkles. It may actually strengthen hair and prevent hair loss. It has been used to treat dandruff, itchiness, and bumps on the scalp, hair breakage and thinning. It has a wonderful cooling effect on the entire body in warm weather. The can be achieved by taking the herb in a tea with a bit of organic cane sugar and black salt.
Fennel seeds are concentrated source of minerals like copper, iron, calcium, potassium, selenium, zinc, magnesium and manganese. Copper is required by the body for production of red blood cells. Iron is required for red blood cell formation. Zinc is a co-factor in many enzymes that help to regulate growth and development, sperm generation and nucleic acid synthesis. Potassium is an important component of cell and body fluids that help to control heart rate and blood pressure. Manganese is used by the body as a co-factor for the powerful antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase. Fennel is also a storehouse for many vitamins.
Used as a gargle, liquid Fennel seed extract is helpful in soothing a sore throat and sore gums, and as a mouthwash for bad breath. It has been applied to the eyes in a tea for reducing eye irritation and eye fatigue. Fennel is used externally by herbalists to reduce inflammation of the eyes (in eyewash) and skin, especially in cases of infection. Fennel’s flavonoid qualities have been studied and may even help to prevent cataracts or treat vision-impairing disease of the eyes known as glaucoma.
Fennels seeds might help to prevent osteoporosis, according to animal studies, by inhibiting production and activity of bone-destroying cells. At the same time, the zinc may help promote growth and development of the body.

Ingredients: Fennel Seed, Structured Water, 96% Alcohol.

Non-Alcohol: Fennel Seed, Structured Water, and Vegetable Glycerin.

All of our ingredients are Certified Organic, Kosher, and Responsibly Wildcrafted. No genetically modified organisms (GMO’s) are involved. All other products that are distributed by us meet our high-quality standards.

Instructions: Use 10-20 drops in juice or water, under the tongue or as desired. May be taken 2-4 times daily. Shake well. Store in cool dark place. Keep out of reach of children.

Contraindications: Since Fennel increases concentrations of estrogen in the bloodstream, it should be avoided by pregnant women and by women who have any kind of estrogen-sensitive disorder, such as breast or uterine cancer, fibrocystic breasts, fibroids or ovarian cysts. Fennel should not be taken in excessive (many times the recommended dosage) amounts, and diabetics should use it in moderation, because of its natural sugar content. It is not recommended for people with liver damage. Fennel does not allow the body to absorb the antibiotic, Cipro®, and both should not be taken at the same time as antibiotics. Anyone allergic to celery, carrots, dill or anise should avoid Fennel, and the herb may produce photosensitivity in sunlight.

Disclaimer: The information presented herein by Herbal Alchemy is intended for educational purposes only. These statements have not been evaluated by the FDA and are not intended to diagnose, cure, treat or prevent disease. Individual results may vary, and before using any supplements, it is always advisable to consult with your own healthcare provider.

Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare)

Synonyms / Common Names / Related Terms

Adas, adas pedas, anason dulce, aneth doux, anis, Anethum foeniculum, Anthemis cotula (dog fennel), Apaiaceae (parsley family), aptechnyj ukrop, apteegitilliseemne, badesopu, badishep, bitter fennel, carosella, cay thi la, common fennel, edeskomeny, fenchel, fenheli parastie, fenhelis, fenicol, fenikel, fenkel, fenkhel, fenkoli, fenkolo, fennel honey syrup, fennel oil, fenneru, fennika, fennikel, fenouil, fenoun, fenykl, ferula communis (giant fennel), finocchio, finokio, florence fennel, Foeniculi antheroleumFoeniculum capillaceum, Foeniculum officinale, Foeniculum vulgare, Fructus foeniculi, funcho, garden fennel, guamoori, haras, harilik apteegitill, hinojo, hoehyang, hoehyang-pul, hoi huong, hui xiang, jinten manis, kama, koper wloski, komorac, koper, koromac, large cummin, large fennel, lus an t’saiodh, madhurika, maduru, marac, maratho, mehul, mellet karee, merula obisnuita, mieloi, miur belar, molura, morach, moti saunf, mouri, paciolis, pak chi duanha, pan mohuri, paprastasis pankolis, pedda jilakarra, pennel, perunjiragam, phak si, phong karee, phytoestrogen, razianaj, razianeh, razyana, rezene, samit, samong-saba, saunf, shamaar, shamar, shamari, shamraa, shatpushpa, shoap, shoumar, shumar, siu wuih heung, sladki komarcek, sladkij ukrop, so-hoehyang, sohikirai, sombu, sonf, sopu, spice of the angels, sulpha, sweet cumin, sweet fennel, thian-klaep, tian hi xiang, tieu hoi huong, tihm wuih heung, uikyo, ukrop sladki, Umbilliferae (parsley family), venkel, wariari, wild fennel, wuih heung, xiao hui xiang, yira.

NOTE: Some languages do not differentiate between anise and fennel.

SADRŽI U VEČOJ KOLIČINI SELEN

Mechanism of Action

Pharmacology:

  • Constituents: The major constituent of fennel oil is anethole. Other constituents include alpha pinene, beta myrcene, beta pinene, bitter fenchone, camphene, estragole (methyl-chavicol), fenchone, limonene, p-cymen, and safrole.
  • Fennel is a rich source of beta-carotene and vitamin C4, as well as calcium, magnesium, iron, and lesser amounts of other metal cations3.
  • Anti-carcinogenic and anti-inflammatory effects: Anethole’s effects may be mediated by modulation of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) – induced cellular responses. Anethole may interfere with TNF signaling and lead to the activation of NF-kappaB, AP-1, JNK, MEK, and apoptosis. Anethole may suppress NF-kappaB-dependent gene expression induced by TNF. NF-kappaB controls the expression of some genes involved in carcinogenesis and inflammation.5
  • Estragole is a natural constituent of a number of plants including fennel. Estragole is a procarinogen but has minimal carcinogenic risk. To reach full toxicity, estragole must be activated by liver enzymes. Fortunately, other liver enzymes inactivate it, limiting liver damage.6,7,8
  • Anticoagulant effectsFerrula communis, giant fennel, contains coumarin derivatives that competitively inhibit vitamin K and interfere with blood clotting. In animal studies, internal bleeding and death resulted after ingestion over an extended period of time.2
  • Anti-diabetic effects: Essential oil of fennel seed has been reported to stimulate pancreatic alpha-cells and insulin secretion.9
  • Antispasmodic effects: Fennel seed increases gastrointestinal motility and acts as an antispasmodic at high doses. Fennel extracts produce a reduction in acetylcholine-induced contraction and decreases maximum possible contractility.11
  • Gastric acid secretion properties: Fennel in a concentration of 10% weight/volume increased gastric acid secretion in rats from 0.12mL (basal level) to 0.42mL. The exact mechanism of increasing gastric acid secretion is unknown.
  • Muscle relaxant effects: Fennel oil has demonstrated an increase in resting force of guinea pig tracheal smooth muscle. Anethole may be responsible for the positive inotropic effect.12 In another animal study, sweet fennel oil inhibited acetylcholine-induced contractions of ileal and bladder smooth muscles. The mechanism of action is thought to be due to an inhibition of calcium release from intracellular stores and binding to calcium-binding proteins by the constituents in the fennel oil.13
  • Mucociliary effects: Based on secondary sources, aqueous fennel extracts increased mucociliary activity of the ciliary epithelium in the respiratory tract in frogs.1

Pharmacodynamics/Kinetics:

  • Insufficient available evidence.

 

References

  1. Blumenthal, M. The Complete German Commission E Monographs: Therapeutic Guide to Herbal Medicines. 1998;
  2. Shlosberg, A. and Egyed, M. N. Examples of poisonous plants in Israel of importance to animals and man. Arch Toxicol.Suppl 1983;6:194-196. 6578721
  3. Zhu, M., Wong, P. Y., and Li, R. C. Effect of oral administration of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) on ciprofloxacin absorption and disposition in the rat. J Pharm.Pharmacol 1999;51(12):1391-1396. 10678493
  4. Brinker, F. Herb Contraindications and Drug Interactions. 1998;2nd
  5. Chainy, G. B., Manna, S. K., Chaturvedi, M. M., and Aggarwal, B. B. Anethole blocks both early and late cellular responses transduced by tumor necrosis factor: effect on NF-kappaB, AP-1, JNK, MAPKK and apoptosis. Oncogene 6-8-2000;19(25):2943-2950. 10871845
  6. De Vincenzi, M., Silano, M., Maialetti, F., and Scazzocchio, B. Constituents of aromatic plants: II. Estragole. Fitoterapia 2000;71(6):725-729. 11077188
  7. Iten, F. and Saller, R. [Fennel tea: risk assessment of the phytogenic monosubstance estragole in comparison to the natural multicomponent mixture]. Forsch Komplementarmed Klass Naturheilkd 2004;11(2):104-108. 15138375
  8. Iyer, L. V., Ho, M. N., Shinn, W. M., Bradford, W. W., Tanga, M. J., Nath, S. S., and Green, C. E. Glucuronidation of 1′-hydroxyestragole (1′-HE) by human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases UGT2B7 and UGT1A9. Toxicol.Sci 2003;73(1):36-43. 12657745
  9. Farag, R, Abu-Raiia, S, and Abdel-Moein, N. The essential oils of coriander, common dill, and bitter fennel and their effects on diabetic rats. Bull Fac of Agric, Univ of Cairo 1992;43(1):31-44.
  10. Weizman, Z, Alkrinawi, S, and Goldfarb, D. Efficacy of herbal tea preparation in infantile colic. J Pediatr 1993;122(650):652.
  11. Vasudevan, K., Vembar, S., Veeraraghavan, K., and Haranath, P. S. Influence of intragastric perfusion of aqueous spice extracts on acid secretion in anesthetized albino rats. Indian J Gastroenterol 2000;19(2):53-56. 10812814
  12. Reiter, M. and Brandt, W. Relaxant effects on tracheal and ileal smooth muscles of the guinea pig. Arzneimittelforschung 1985;35(1A):408-414. 4039178
  13. Saleh, M, Hashem, F, and Grace, M. Volatile oil of Egyptian sween fennel (Foeniculum vulgare, var. dulce. Alef.)

 

Izvor: www.sigmaaldrich.com












Pakovanje mL/ g:
 10 20 30 50 100 250 500 1000

Količina:
1 2 3 više 

 

vrh