Borna kiselina (Acidum boricum)

Borna kiselina (Acidum boricum)

 

MINERALNI PREPARATI BORA BORNA KISELINA 3%:

– namenjeni za topikalnu upotrebu u oftalmologiji, ostala upotreba u kozmetici.

MINERALNI PREPARATI BORA:
RASTVOR BORNE KISELINE 3% (30 mg/ g),
Acidum boricum 3%.

MINERALNI PREPARATI BORA:
RASTVOR BORNE KISELINE 3% (30 mg/ g),
Acidum boricum 3%.

ATC: S02AA03 (WHO) D08AD (WHO)
S SENSORY ORGANS

A formulation approved both for use in the eye/ear is classified in S03. Formulations approved for eye, ear and nose are also classified in S03. Formulations only licensed for use in the eye or the ear are classified in S01 and S02, respectively.
S02 OTOLOGICALS

Small amounts of antiseptics in otological preparations do not influence the classification, e.g. benzalconium.
See also S03 – Ophthalmological and otological preparations.
S02A ANTIINFECTIVES

This group comprises plain and combined antiinfective preparations for otological use.
Combined preparations are classified at a separate 5th level – S02AA30 – antiinfectives, combinations. This level includes combinations of different antiinfectives and combinations of antiinfectives/other substances.
Combinations with corticosteroids are classified in S02C – Corticosteroids and antiinfectives in combination.
S02AA
Antiinfectives
Ciprofloxacin, declared as ear drops, is classified here.
ATC code: S02AA03 Name: boric acid

V60AB – monokomponentni homeopatik,

V60B – antropozofik.

CAS registry number (Chemical Abstracts Service)

10043-35-3

BORIC ACID Molecular Weight: 61.831 g/mol H3BO3

U skladu sa:

Eu. Ph. 8,  01.07.2005. monografijom: 01/2005:0001

Pharmacopée française 2002 ANSM: Acidum boricum ad praeparationes homoeopathicas

(BORIC ACID POUR PRÉPARATIONS HOMÉOPATHIQUES)

USP 29

Mineralni preparati u tečnom obliku (nerazblaženi ili razblaženi) za oralnu i lokalnu (topikalnu) upotrebu.

Sastav:

a) rastvor (DER 1:33), rastvarač visoko prečišćena – ultra čista voda (aqua valde purificata),

Bor ispoljava mnogobrojna istražena dejstva, nalazi se u organizmu u paratiroidnim žlezdama, kostima i zubnoj gleđi.

 

Sadržaj: sadrži borne kiseline p.a. (pro analysi – analitičke čistoće 99,9%)

 a) Acidum boricum solutio 3%, 30 mg borne kiseline/ grama rastvora,

b) ultračista voda (aqua valde purificata/ UPW-elektroprovodljivosti ispod 1 µS/cm).

 

Bor se označava jedinicom miliekvivalent na litar (mEq/L) ili milimol po litru (mmol/L).

Ekvivalencije: Svaki gram borne kiseline sadrži ≈ xx mmol bora.

Borna kiselina (Acidum boricum – Acidi borici – Boric acid)  xxx sadrži približno 1 g bora.

Normalne vrednosti su (bora):
odrasli:
Kritična vrednost :

 

Bor je neophodan za integritet i funkciju ćelijskih zidova. Boron is essential for the integrity and function of cell walls and for the way signals are transmitted across membranes. Boron is distributed throughout the body, with the highest concentration in the parathyroid glands followed by bones and dental enamel. It is essential for healthy bone and joint function, regulating the absorption and metabolism of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus through its influence on the parathyroid glands. With this, boron is to the parathyroids what iodine is to the thyroid.

Boron deficiency causes the parathyroids to become overactive, releasing too much parathyroid hormone which raises the blood level of calcium by releasing calcium from bones and teeth. This then leads to arthritis, osteoporosis and tooth decay. With advancing age, high blood levels of calcium lead to calcification of soft tissues causing muscle contractions and stiffness;
calcification of endocrine glands, especially the pineal gland and the ovaries;
arteriosclerosis; kidney stones and calcification of the kidneys, ultimately leading to kidney failure.

Niska vrednost bora u krvi može biti izazvana: 

Visoka vrednosti bora u krvi može biti izazvana:

Indikacije: Mineralni preparati su namenjeni poboljšanju opšteg stanja organizma kroz razna naučno dokazana dejstva.

Upotreba kod MAIN INDICATIONS:* Sores in the mouth* Genital herpes* Fainting travel

 

Indikacije za upotrebu su: homeop IZBOR KRITERIJUMI :* Feeding teškoće , zbog gori na području lezija u usnoj šupljini* Žućkasto dijareja* Mehurići, ispunjene providnom tečnošću maglovite koje su izazvale opalescentna

* Preosetljivost na iznenadne zvuke SELECTION CRITERIA:* Feeding difficulty, due to burning in the area of lesions in the oral cavity* Yellowish diarrhea* Vesicles, filled with hazy translucent fluid that caused opalescent* Hypersensitivity to sudden noises

 

Ima jako dejstvo kod: 

Upotrebljava se kao: antiseptik, fungicid, virucid, blagi baktericid

Doziranje i način primene:

p.p., individualno u zavisnosti od godina starosti i stanja organizma.

Acidum boricum solutio 3%;

Acidi borici 3%:

Mineralni  preparati BORA:

pojedinačna doza: xxx g, preporučena dnevna doza (PDD): xxx g (n/a – nije primenljivo).

Oralna (sat vremena pre obroka) i lokalna primena.

Upotreba na koži: aplicirati na obolelo mesto u tankom sloju ili obliku impregniranog zavoja, razblažiti pre upotrebe čistom vodom. Zbog specifičnog ukusa kod oralne upotrebe, preporučuje se upotreba sa sokom narandže ili sličnim.

Napraviti pauzu posle 4 nedelje neprekidne upotrebe.

Po preporukama, preparat postiže najbolje efekte pri upotrebi od 8 do 12 nedelja, duža upotreba je bezbedna uz pauze.

Oralno LD50

Kontraindikacije: preosetljivost na aktivne supstance, preosetljivost na jedinjenja bora,

U većim koncentracijama

Čuvanje: na tamnom, suvom i hladnom mestu do 20˚C, van domašaja dece i izlaganja EM zračenju, u dobro zatvorenoj originalnoj ambalaži.

 

Rok upotrebe: 5 godina, posle prvog otvaranja 6 meseci.

Pakovanje: 10 g, 20 g, 30 g, 50 g i 100 g (1 3/4 fl oz i 3 1/2 fl oz), farmaceutske braon bočice standarno, 250 g, 500 g, 1000 g i 5000 g na zahtev. Kristal prah na zahtev.

Nutritivne informacije: n/a (nije primenljivo)

Bez konzervanasa, proteina, masti i ugljenih hidrata.

Analizu na teške metale broj xxx/xx/xx od xx. godine izvršila CH analitička laboratorija. ANALIZA BORNA KISELINA p.a. 

CENOVNIK

RSD 400,00/ 1000 mL 3% 

Podaci ažurirani januara 2022. Pogledati i ostale informacije na:

http://www.biljni-preparati.com/preparati/ boraks-borax-natrium-boricum/

Šta su to elementi u tragovima?

Elementi u tragovima su:

selen bor hrom silicijum molibden kobalt

Klasična definicija minerala koji ulaze u sastav našeg organizma bila bi: to su elementi koji se u organizmu nalaze u vrlo malim količinama, neki gotovo u tragovima (po tome su i dobili naziv – „elementi u tragovima“), ali su neophodni za normalno odvijanje izmene stvari (metabolizma).

Nekad se smatralo da su četiri elementa (gvožđe, bakar, jod i cink) neophodni za normalno funkcionisanje organizma. Tokom poslednjih 30 godina tom je popisu dodato je još desetak elemenata, ali najverojatnije ni to nije konačan broj. Bakar, gvožđe, cink, kalcijum, kalijum, vanadijum, hrom, mangan, molibden, kobalt, jod, fluor, selen i neki drugi elementi (bor) nosioci su životnih funkcija organizma, jer učestvuju u enzimskom sastavu bez kojeg nema neophodnih biohemijskih procesa. Dovoljno je reći da su oni za enzime (naše katalizatore) isto što i kiseonik za disanje čoveka.

Njihov se nedostatak u prehrani očituje celim nizom naizgled beznačajnih oštećenja, ali na kraju ipak ozbiljnih, pa čak i smrtonosnih. Neki naučnici smatraju da su minerali važniji od vitamina, jer se u živom organizmu gotovo nikako ne mogu stvoriti.

Cink, bakar i magnezijum važni su minerali koji nas štite od stresa (naročito magnezijum), održavaju našu kožu i kosu nežnom (naročito cink) i sprečavaju nastanak anemije (naročito bakar – pomaže gvožđu prilikom stvaranja crvenih krvnih zrnaca). Ova tri elementa nedostaju kod žena koje pate od tzv. predmenstrualnog sindroma, imaju krhku kosu, nokte i tanku kožu, a njihov se nedostatak uz gvožđe, može javiti i kod obilnih menstrualnih krvarenja

xxxx

Osim kalcijuma hronični nedostatak ili manji unos vitamina D, magnezijuma i bora, fluorida i vitamini K, B12 i B6, mogu doprineti nastanaku osteoporoze.

xxxx

Bor ima uticaj na organizam, pre svega na skelet. Pretpostavlja se da je neophodan za ravnomerno raspoređivanje kalcijuma u organizmu. Zajedno sa kalcijumom, magnezijumom i vitaminom D reguliše metabolizam, rast i razvoj koštanog tkiva. Njegov nedostatak izaziva gubitak kalcijuma i demineralizaciju kostiju.

Boraks u homeopatiji

Acidum boricum U.S.P.

Acidi borici

Materia Medica

USP29 BORIC ACID

USP29 SODIUM BORATE

Boron

Common Name(s): Borate, Borax sodium, Boric acid, Boric anhydride, Boric tartrate, Boron

Medically reviewed by Drugs.com. Last updated on Aug 5, 2019.

Clinical Overview

Use

Boron has been included in nutritional supplements or natural remedies designed to improve bone and joint health. Boron deficiency has been shown to impair brain function, inflammatory regulation, and immune response, and to increase the risk of some cancers. However, there is no evidence that boron supplementation above the levels derived in a normal diet is beneficial. Therefore, supplementation is likely to only be useful when dietary intake is inadequate. Boron compounds are also used to enhance the cell selectivity of radiation therapy and may lead to a new generation of drugs. Boric acid, a common form of boron not to be confused with boron, has been used traditionally as a topical astringent, a mild topical anti-infective, ophthalmological irrigant, rodent repellent, and insecticide. Boric acid has also been administered intravaginally for recurrent and resistant vulvovaginal candidiasis.

Dosing

An acceptable safe oral boron intake for adults could be between 1 and 20 mg/day. Tolerable upper intake levels (UL) for boron are: adults 19 years and older, 20 mg/day; adolescents 14 to 18 years of age, 17 mg/day; children 9 to 13 years of age, 11 mg/day; children 4 to 8 years of age, 6 mg/day; children 1 to 3 years of age, 3 mg/day. For the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis, boric acid intravaginally 600 mg once or twice daily for 2 weeks has been used; for the prevention of recurring vulvovaginal candidiasis boric acid intravaginally 600 mg twice weekly has been used.

Contraindications

Intravaginal boric acid has been associated with birth defects in the first 4 months of pregnancy.

Pregnancy/Lactation

Information regarding safety and efficacy in pregnancy and lactation is lacking, but when boron is used orally at doses below UL, it is likely to be safe. Boric acid should not be used in pregnancy. Intravaginal boric acid has been associated with birth defects in the first 4 months of pregnancy.

Interactions

None well documented.

Adverse Reactions

There is little clinical data concerning adverse effects of boron when used at doses less than UL. As noted above, boric acid administration intravaginally during the first 4 months of pregnancy has been associated with increased risk for birth defects.

Toxicology

Although boric acid, borates, and other compounds containing boron are used medicinally, they can be toxic if ingested at high doses or absorbed through nonintact skin.

Source

The element boron (B, atomic number 5) is found in deposits in the earth’s crust at a concentration of about 0.001% (10 ppm). Seawater contains an average of 4.6 ppm boron, ranging from 0.5 to 9.6 ppm. Boron content in fresh water ranges from less than 0.01 to 1.5 ppm, with higher concentrations in regions of high soil boron levels.Woods 1994 It is obtained in the form of various compounds and never in its elemental state.O’Neil 2006

Since 1857, it has been known that environmental boron is taken up by plants in trace amounts, and in 1923, boron was recognized as an essential nutrient for plants.Devirian 2003 Accordingly, plants contribute to dietary boron intake, with primary sources being fruits, nuts, and vegetables.Devirian 2003 Good sources of boron include peanuts, peanut butter, almonds, hazelnuts, seaweed, soybeans, parsley, cocoa, wine, raisins, prunes, apples, and peaches.Devirian 2003Choi 2008Rainey 1999Jamison 2003

Boron was originally obtained in 1895 from the reduction of boric anhydride, which remains a commercially important way to produce impure boron today. Pure boron takes the form of clear red or black crystals, depending on its crystalline shape.O’Neil 2006 The crystals can be as hard as diamonds. The chemistry of boron is extremely complex, with entire texts devoted solely to this topic.

History

Reports suggest the Babylonians used borax as flux for working gold 4,000 years ago; this is also recognized in the Saudi Arabian area of Mecca and Medina in the 8th century and by European goldsmiths in the 12th century.Woods 1994 Boron was used as a food preservative between 1870 and 1920 and during World War I and II.Nielsen 2008

Borate-mineral concentrates, borax, boric acid, and other refined products have been used in glass, fiberglass, and washing products, and in combination with other metals to make harder alloys, fertilizers, wood treatments, insecticide, rodent repellant, and antimicrobial.Woods 1994 As an insect and rodent repellent, boric acid was sprinkled in corners and along floor boards; however, this practice should be avoided because of the serious toxicity that can occur if ingested by small children or pets.

Boron is used in nuclear medicine and chemistry as a neutron absorber.

Uses and Pharmacology

Although no clear biological function for boron has been established in humans, evidence from numerous laboratories using a variety of experimental models shows that boron is a beneficial bioactive elementNielsen 2008 referred to by some as an ultratrace mineral.Jamison 2003Nielsen 2008 It is postulated that it may even be essential to humans.Mastromatteo 1994Nielsen 2009

The evidence includes deprivation studies showing that boron is necessary for some higher animals to complete their life cycle (eg, frogs,Fort 1999Fort 2002 zebrafish).Rowe 1999 However, critical experiments demonstrating that boron is essential for a complete mammal life cycle or as an essential biochemical role for life are lacking.Nielsen 2008

In higher animals, low boron intake (0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg) when compared with diets of higher boron intake (1 to 15 mg/kg) have been found to induce biochemical and functional changes often considered detrimental, particularly bone health (growth and maintenance), brain function, and inflammatory response.Nielsen 2009Nielsen 2009

In humans, boron intake of 1 to 3 mg/day compared with intakes between 0.25 and 0.5 mg/day appear to have beneficial effects on bone and brain health,Nielsen 2008Nielsen 2009 while boron deprivation studies have shown an effect on markers for inflammatory response.Nielsen 2009

Boron deficiency

While no specific boron deficiency state has been described,Jamison 2003Nielson 2008 signs of boron deficiency in humans include the followingNielsen 2009: altered macromineral, electrolyte, energy substrate, nitrogen, and oxidative metabolism; changes to erythropoiesis and hematopoiesis; electroencephalogram (EEG) changes suggesting depressed behavioral activation and mental alertness; depressed psychomotor skills; and depressed cognitive processes of attention and memory.

Bone and joint health

Boron is known to influence a variety of metabolic actions. It interacts with calcium, vitamin D, and magnesium, which are all important in bone metabolism.Devirian 2003Beattie 1993Meacham 1994 Boron accumulates in bone in concentrations dependent on the amount consumedChapin 1998; bone mineral density has been shown to be related to boron intakeBeattie 1993; calcium appears to be more readily stripped from bones in people with low boron intake; and boron may be particularly effective in protecting bone mass in individuals with vitamin D, magnesium, and potassium deficiency.Nielsen 1009Schaafsma and 2001Reid 1993 Boron may also influence the metabolism of other minerals, such as copper, potassium, and phosphorus.Devirian 2003Jamison 2003Beattie 1993Meacham 1995 Boron has also been found to increase estrogen concentrations in postmenopausal womenNielsen 1987 and in healthy men.Naghii 1997 Therefore, it is likely that boron may play a role in bone health through formation or enhancement of steroid hormones preventing calcium loss and consequent bone demineralization, which may explain the epidemiological evidence that boron is essential for healthy bones and joints.Newnham 1994Palacios 2006

Animal data

Various studies show boron alone is beneficial to bone.Gorustovich 2008Gorustovich 2008 One study in rats showed that boron deprivation (0.1 mg/kg diet) compared with boron supplementation (3 mg/kg diet) resulted in decreased bone volume fraction and trabecular thickness, and increased trabecular separation and structural model index (a lower level is preferable) promoting bone strength.Nielsen 2006Nielsen 2009 In another study comparing rats fed boron 0.07 mg/kg compared with 3 mg/kg, boron deprivation decreased bone volume fraction in the alveolus 14 days after tooth extraction.Gorustovich 2008Gorustovich 2006 Boron deprivation studies showed decreased bone strength in femurs of female ratsNielsen 2004 and pigs.Armstrong 2000Armstrong 2002

Boron deprivation may not markedly affect calcium and phosphorus concentrations in bone, but rather the concentrations of other minerals (eg, magnesium, potassium, copper, zinc)Nielsen 2004Nielsen 2007 associated with the formation, differentiation, and activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Mice fed a boron-deficient diet (0.07 mg/kg) for 9 weeks compared with mice supplemented with boron 3 mg/kg exhibited decreased osteoblast surface and increased quiescent bone-forming surface of periodontal alveolar bone.Gorustovich 2008

Various environmental and dietary factors may enhance the effects of boron. Several studies have shown that when animal models are fed marginal amounts of vitamin D, classic signs of vitamin D deficiency related to bone and calcium metabolism are exhibited in boron-deprived animals but not in animals fed nutritional amounts of boron.Hunt 1989Hegsted 1991Bai 1996 Similarly, boron has been shown to increase the efficacy of estrogen supplementation in rats, resulting in a beneficial effect on trabecular bone volume fraction, bone growth plate density, and trabecular separation.Sheng 2001 The combination of boron and estrogen versus either alone also markedly improved the apparent absorption of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium, as well as the retention of calcium and magnesium.Sheng 2001 In this and other studies, boron supplementation alone did not improve any of these variables in the ovarectomized rats.Sheng 2001Stoecker 2005 A recent study comparing rats and their offspring supplemented with boron 0 to 3 mg/kg and fed either safflower oil or fish oil showed a beneficial effect from boron supplementation on trabecular microarchitecture and cortical bone strength, and that feeding fish oil instead of safflower oil is beneficial to vertebral and cortical bone strength. Boron and fish oil apparently have beneficial effects through different mechanisms that sometimes appear complementary.Sheng 2001

Clinical data

Studies have shown that the concentration of boron in bonesNewnham 1981 and synovial fluidNewnham 1981Havercroft 1991 of people with rheumatoid arthritis is lower than in people without this disorder.

Surgeons have observed that bones of patients who use boron supplements are much harder to cut than bones of patients who do not.Newnham 1994 It has also been observed that boron supplements apparently accelerate the healing of broken bones.Nielsen 2008

An epidemiologic relationship has also been established between arthritis and low boron intake. In areas of the world where boron intake is 1 mg/day or less, the estimated incidence of arthritis ranges from 20% to 70%, whereas in areas where boron intake is usually 3 to 10 mg/day, the estimated incidence ranges from 0% to 10%.Newnham 1994 Low boron intake may also worsen rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis and decrease the ability to engage in physical exercise that requires a high-energy output.Jamison 2003

A double-blind, placebo-boron supplementation trial in 20 patients with osteoarthritis showed that 50% receiving boron 6 mg/day improved on self-reported measures of joint swelling, restricted movement, and analgesia compared with only 10% in those receiving placebo.Travers 1990

In postmenopausal women, the increases in serum 17beta-estradiol induced by estrogen therapy were higher when consumed with 3.25 mg/day of boron instead of 0.25 mg/day of boron.Nielsen 1992 Dietary boron had no effect in men or women not ingesting estrogen. These findings suggest that boron can enhance and mimic some effects of estrogen ingestion.Nielsen 2004

Boron neutron capture therapy

Boron-based compounds are used in conjunction with radiation therapy to enhance the selective killing of neoplastic cells. Boron neutron capture therapy is based on the ability of the stable isotope 10B to capture neutrons, which leads to a nuclear reaction producing an alpha- and a 7Li-particle, both having high biological effectiveness and a very short range in tissue, thus opening the possibility for a highly selective cancer therapy.Wittig 2008Hunter 2009 This type of therapy is being examined in clinical trials in resistant and difficult-to-treat cancers.Haselsberger 1994Kankaanranta 2007Pisarev 2007Suzuki 2007Suzuki 2007Miyatake 2007

Brain function, cognitive performance, and psychomotor function

Boron may be important in brain function,Penland 1994Penland 1998 with deprivation impairing cognitive and psychomotor function, resulting in decreased mental alertness and poorer performance at tasks requiring speed and dexterity, attention, and/or short-term memory.Penland 1994Institute of Medicine 2012

Animal data

Measures of brain electrophysiology and behavior have been shown to be sensitive to boron nutritional inadequacy in animals.Penland 1989Penland 1993 In a study comparing rats fed 0 versus 3 mcg/g of boron for 75 days, more activity was seen in the lower frequencies than in the higher frequencies on electrocorticograms.Penland 1993

One study found that boron deprivation alters rat behavior and brain mineral composition differently when dietary fat (75 g/kg) was supplied as fish oil (65 g/kg plus 10 g/kg of linoleic acid) instead of safflower oil.Nielsen 2006 Boron-deficient (0.1 mg/kg diet) rats were less active than boron-adequate (3.1 mg/kg diet) rats when fed safflower oil, but when fed fish oil, the activity response to boron deprivation was attenuated.Nielsen 2006

Clinical data

Various studies in healthy older men and women assessed brain EEG activity and response to cognitive and psychomotor performance with dietary manipulation of boron (0.25 vs 3.25 mg per 2,000 kcal/day).Penland 1994Penland 1989Penland 1900 All studies provided evidence that relatively short periods of restricted boron intake can affect brain function and cognitive performance in otherwise healthy people.Penland 1994

The most consistent EEG finding seen with low boron intake was a shift toward more activity in the lower frequencies and less activity in the higher, dominant frequencies of the EEG spectrum.Penland 1994 This same effect is often observed in response to nonspecific malnutrition and heavy metal toxicity.Nielsen 2008Penland 1994 In addition, increased low frequency activity is typical in states of drowsiness and reduced mental alertness and has been associated with poorer performance on vigilance and psychomotor tasks, as well as decreased high-frequency activity related to impaired memory in some conditions.Nielsen 2008Penland 1994

Effects on psychomotor skills and cognitive processes of attention, perception, and memory were variable.Nielsen 2008Penland 1994 In the same studies,Penland 1994Penland 1989Penland 1990 search-count (a measure of attention) and symbol-count (a measure of encoding skills and short-term memory) consistently showed that boron deprivation impaired response times. However, not all tasks were adversely affected by dietary boron deprivation.

While boron deprivation may have an adverse effect on brain function, there is no evidence that supplementation above normal dietary levels can enhance mental acuity or improve alertness.

Drug design

The structural and electronic aspects of boron and its compounds are creating interest in a new generation of drugs that could possibly interfere with target molecules not readily accessible to carbon-based compounds. Bortezomib (Velcade), a proteasome inhibitor, is indicated for the treatment of hematologic malignancies, and other boron-based drugs are in the pipeline, including AN2690 for the treatment of onychomycosis and antibiotics that might be less likely to trigger resistance.Hunter 2009

Dysmenorrhea

A triple-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial conducted in 113 single female university students with primary dysmenorrhea explored the effects of boron supplementation on pain severity and duration. Boron supplementation (300 mg daily for 5 days; equivalent to 10 mg/day boron) was taken through the first 3 days of menstrual flow for 2 consecutive cycles. Over time across the 2 cycles, mean severity (P=0.001) and duration (P=0.032) of pain were significantly lower with boron than in the control group. No major side effects were observed.Nikkhah 2015

Inflammatory or immune response

Other diverse responses reported for low boron intake include effects on membrane integrity and function, impairment of hormone receptors (including decreased insulin sensitivity) and signal transduction functions, and regulation of enzymatic activity.Devirian 2003Jamison 2003Nielsen 2009Hunt 1998 Some of these responses may play a role in inflammatory or immunological regulation and may be secondary to a primary action.

Animal data

There are numerous studies in animals that suggest boron may have a regulatory role in inflammatory or immune response. These include boron-supplemented rats demonstrating reduced swelling and lower circulating concentrations of natural killer and immune cells after injection with an antigen to induce arthritisHunt 1999; delayed onset of adjuvant-induced arthritis in ratsHunt 1999; lower skin-fold thickness response to an intradermal injection of phytohemagglutination in pigsArmstrong 2001; and lower antibody response to injected typhoid antigen in ratsBai 1997; when compared with boron-low or -deficient diets.

A recent study in miceBourgeois 2007 showed boron deprivation downregulated 30 of 31 cytokines or chemokines associated with the inflammatory response 6 days after infection with the nematode H. bakerii. Another studyArmstrong 2003 showed lower serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma after lipopolysaccharide injection in pigs fed a marginal boron-deficient diet than in those supplemented with a 5 mg/kg of boron diet.

Clinical data

Boron status in humans has been shown to affect various immunological markers. These include increased white blood cells, increased percentage of polymorphonuclear neutrophils, and decreased percentage of leucocytes in perimenopausal women during the period of boron supplementation.Nielsen 1999 Self-reported improvement in symptoms in patients with osteoarthritis consuming 6 mg/day of boron when compared with placebo,Travers 1990 may be a result of an effect on the inflammatory response.

Low boron intake has been associated with increased risk of prostate cancerCui 200461; higher cytopathological indicators of cervical cancerKorkmaz 2007; some types of breast cancerTouillaud 2005; and lung cancer,Mahabir 2008 possibly due to an immune system effect.

Urolithiasis

One investigator has reported the use of boron supplementation in approximately 30 cases to facilitate dissolution and/or passing of urinary stones with minimal pain. Boron was well tolerated without observation of side effects. Boron was supplemented at 10 mg/day with and without additional antioxidants for 2 to 60 days.Naghii 2012Naghii 2013Naghii 2014 In the absence of a control group, it’s difficult to attribute the results to boron.

Vulvovaginitis

Studies show that intravaginal boric acid can treat candidiasis and other vaginal fungal infections, including resistant and chronic infection.Thai 1993Van Slyke 1981Swate1974Guaschino 2001Jovanovic 1991 One study reported that boric acid used intravaginally cured 92% versus 64% with nystatin 100,000 units for Candida albicans.Van Slyke 1981 For Candida glabrata, intravaginal boric acid successfully treated 65% to 70% of azole-resistant infections.Sobel 2003Sobel 1997 For Candida krusei, which is rare but resistant to azole antifungal treatment, boric acid appeared to be effective in some cases.Singh 2002

Dosing

Oral dosing

The 1994-96 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals indicated that the median boron intakes ranged from a low of about 0.75 mg/day to a high of about 1.35 mg/day.Institute of Medicine 2012 No recommended daily allowance has been established for boron because an essential biological role has not been identified, although the World Health Organization has suggested 1 to 13 mg/dayWHO 1996 as an acceptable safe range for adults. Dietary intake varies. Diets considered high in boron provide about 3.25 mg of boron per 2,000 kcal/day. Diets considered low in boron provide 0.25 mg of boron per 2,000 kcal/day.Penland 1994

Boron has been studied at a wide range of doses. Daily dosages of 2.5 to 10 mg of boron have been administered for osteoarthritisNewnham 1994 and strength conditioning.Green 1994Ferrando 1993 Individuals consuming 0.25 mg/day respond positively to boron supplementation of 1 mg/day.Jamison 2003 A single dose of 102.6 mg of sodium tetraborate was studied for its effects on factor VIIa.Wallace 2002

The tolerable upper intake level (UL) for boron, the maximum dose at which no harmful effects would be expected, isNielsen 2009Institute of Medicine 2012:

For adults 19 years and older, including pregnant or breast-feeding women

20 mg/day

For adolescents 14 to 18 years of age, including pregnant or breast-feeding adolescents

17 mg/day

For children 9 to 13 years of age

11 mg/day

For children 4 to 8 years of age

6 mg/day

For children 1 to 3 years of age

3 mg/day

For infants younger than 1 year

a UL has not been established.

A 2009 review recommended that patients on parenteral nutrition receive 1 mg/day because it is unlikely that this amount is being delivered in current parenteral solutions.Nielsen 2009

Vaginal dosing

For treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis, boric acid 600 mg once or twice daily for 2 weeks has been used.Van Slyke 1981Swate 1974Guaschino 2001Jovanovic 1991Sobel 2003Sobel 1997 For prevention of recurring vulvovaginal candidiasis, boric acid 600 mg twice weekly has been used.Jovanovic 1991Sobel 1997

Pregnancy / Lactation

Information regarding safety and efficacy in pregnancy and lactation is lacking, but when boron is used orally in doses below UL, it is likely to be safe.Institute of Medicine 2012 Boric acid should not be used in pregnancy. Intravaginal boric acid has been associated with birth defects if used during the first 4 months of pregnancy.Thai 1993Acs 2006MedlinePlus 2015

Interactions

Boron supplementation in patients with estrogen-sensitive conditions (eg, breast cancer, uterine cancer, ovarian cancer, endometriosis, uterine fibroids) should be avoided, and it should be used cautiously with concomitant estrogens because it may increase the levels or enhance the activity of estrogen.MedlinePlus 2015

There are no known interactions with other drugs or foodsMedlinePlus 2015; however, supplementation may result in changes in plasma levels of phosphorous and magnesium.Meacham 1994

Adverse Reactions

Clinical information concerning the adverse effects of boron is limited. Recommendations regarding the oral dose below which adverse reactions are unlikely range from 10Naghii 1997 to 20 mg/day.Institute of Medicine 2012

Although compounds containing boron are used medicinally, they are potentially toxic if ingested or absorbed through nonintact skin. Long-term use of boric acid orally 1 g/day or boric tartrate 15 g/day can cause dermatitis, alopecia, anorexia, lethargy, and indigestion.Institute of Medicine 2012 Boric acid has been well tolerated intravaginallyRein 1981 and does not appear to result in systemic absorption.Thai 1993 Vulvovaginal burning has been reported. Dyspareunia may occur in males if intercourse occurs shortly after vaginal treatment.Van Kessel 2003

Toxicology

Boric acid and borates can be toxic when ingested. The minimum lethal dose of boric acid is 640 mg/kg/day, with the potential lethal dose reported to be 15 to 20 g/day for adults and 3 to 6 g/day for infants.Institute of Medicine 2012 Animal studies have shown that high doses of borax and boric acid may adversely affect male fertility; however, this has not been observed in humans.Institute of Medicine 2012Scialli 2010

Boric acid solutions should not be used on broken skin or on severely irritated or inflamed mucous membranes in order to prevent possible toxicity via absorption.

Boron should be used with caution in patents with impaired kidney function because it is primarily excreted renally.Institute of Medicine 2012Usuda 1996

Fatalities have been reported because of confusion between boric acid and similar-looking powders (ie, baking soda, dextrose). Stringent controls should be maintained in hospitals, nursing homes, and other public facilities to prevent possible intoxications due to errant use of boron-containing products.

There is no effective antidote to boron poisoning, and treatment is symptomatic and supportive. Symptoms of toxicity include headache, irritation and sloughing of skin, GI upset including diarrhea and vomiting, restlessness and irritability, somnolence, weakness, tremors, kidney and liver damage, convulsions, coma, or death.

References

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This information relates to an herbal, vitamin, mineral or other dietary supplement. This product has not been reviewed by the FDA to determine whether it is safe or effective and is not subject to the quality standards and safety information collection standards that are applicable to most prescription drugs. This information should not be used to decide whether or not to take this product. This information does not endorse this product as safe, effective, or approved for treating any patient or health condition. This is only a brief summary of general information about this product. It does NOT include all information about the possible uses, directions, warnings, precautions, interactions, adverse effects, or risks that may apply to this product. This information is not specific medical advice and does not replace information you receive from your health care provider. You should talk with your health care provider for complete information about the risks and benefits of using this product.

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This is a fact sheet intended for health professionals. For a reader-friendly overview of Boron, see our consumer fact sheet on Boron.

Introduction

Boron is a trace element that is naturally present in many foods and available as a dietary supplement. It is a structural component of plant cell walls and is required for plant growth, pollination, and seed formation [1].

Boron is not classified as an essential nutrient for humans because research has not yet identified a clear biological function for boron [2]. However, it might have beneficial effects on such functions as reproduction and development, calcium metabolism, bone formation, brain function, insulin and energy substrate metabolism, immunity, and the function of steroid hormones (including vitamin D and estrogen) [1-14].

Boron is present in foods and beverages as inorganic borates as well as mono- or di-sugar-borate esters, such as calcium fructoborate [14,15]. Most ingested boron is hydrolyzed to boric acid within the gastrointestinal tract [6]. The body absorbs about 85%–90% of ingested boron [2,4]. However, very little is known about how or where in the gastrointestinal tract absorption occurs [8].

Boron does not accumulate in most body tissues, but bone, nails, and hair have higher boron levels than other body tissues, whereas fat has lower levels [9]. Boric acid is the main form of boron in blood, urine, and other body fluids [2,4,7]. The lack of substantial changes in blood boron levels in response to large increases in dietary intakes suggests that the body maintains boron homeostasis, likely by increasing urinary excretion, but the regulatory mechanisms for boron homeostasis have not been identified [6]. Boron is excreted mainly in the urine, and small amounts are excreted in the feces, sweat, breath, and bile [9,10].

Boron status is not routinely measured in clinical practice. Most studies suggest that urinary boron levels correlate with boron intakes [2,4,16,17]. Fasting plasma concentrations of boron in postmenopausal women range from 34 to 95 ng/mL (3.14 to 8.79 mcmol/L) [4].

Recommended Intakes

Intake recommendations for nutrients are provided in the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) developed by an expert committee of the Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine [2]. DRI is the general term for a set of reference values used for planning and assessing nutrient intakes of healthy people. These values, which vary by age and sex, include:

  • Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA): Average daily level of intake sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all (97%–98%) healthy individuals; often used to plan nutritionally adequate diets for individuals.
  • Adequate Intake (AI): Intake at this level is assumed to ensure nutritional adequacy; established when evidence is insufficient to develop an RDA.
  • Estimated Average Requirement (EAR): Average daily level of intake estimated to meet the requirements of 50% of healthy individuals; usually used to assess the nutrient intakes of groups of people and to plan nutritionally adequate diets for them; can also be used to assess the nutrient intakes of individuals.
  • Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL): Maximum daily intake unlikely to cause adverse health effects.

The FNB found the existing data insufficient to derive an RDA, AI, or EAR for boron [2]. The World Health Organization estimates that an “acceptable safe range” of boron intakes for adults is 1–13 mg/day [8].

Sources of Boron

Food
Plant foods—including fruit, tubers, and legumes—contain the largest amounts of boron [2,6,15,18,19]. Wine, cider, and beer also contain boron [8].

The main sources of boron in the diets of people in the United States are coffee, milk, apples, dried and cooked beans, and potatoes, primarily because people tend to consume large amounts of these foods [7,15]. Among toddlers, 38% of boron intakes comes from fruits and fruit juices and 19% from milk and cheese [6,20]. For adolescents, milk and cheese products account for 18%–20% of boron intakes, whereas beverages, especially instant coffee, represent the largest dietary source of boron for adults [6].

The amount of boron in plant foods depends somewhat on the boron content of the soil and water where they were grown [7,21]. Areas of the world with limited boron in the soil include Brazil, Japan, and most of the United States, mainly because of high levels of rainfall, which leaches boron out of the soil [21]. In contrast, arid regions of the world—including California and parts of Turkey, Argentina, Chile, Russia, China, and Peru—have higher boron concentrations [21,22].

Boron concentrations are about 0.27 mg/L in breast milk and 0.33 mg/L in cow’s milk [23]. Water contains boron, but the concentration varies considerably by source [19]. The median boron concentration of drinking water in the United States is 0.031 mg/L [24].

Selected food sources of boron are listed in Table 1. The U.S. Department of Agriculture’s (USDA’s) FoodData Central [25] does not list the boron content of foods or provide lists of foods containing boron. Therefore, information on boron levels in foods is limited.

Table 1: Boron Content of Selected Foods [15,18]
Food Milligrams (mg)
per serving
Prune juice, 1 cup 1.43
Avocado, raw, cubed, ½ cup 1.07
Raisins, 1.5 ounces 0.95
Peaches, 1 medium 0.80
Grape juice, 1 cup 0.76
Apples, 1 medium 0.66
Pears, 1 medium 0.50
Peanuts, roasted, salted, 1 ounce 0.48
Beans, refried, ½ cup 0.48
Peanut butter, 2 tablespoons 0.46
Apple juice, 1 cup 0.45
Chili con carne, with beans, 1 cup 0.41
Grapes, ½ cup 0.37
Oranges, 1 medium 0.37
Lima beans, dry, cooked, ½ cup 0.35
Applesauce, ½ cup 0.34
Fruit cocktail, canned, in heavy syrup, ½ cup 0.26
Broccoli, boiled, chopped, ½ cup 0.20
Orange juice, 1 cup 0.18
Spinach, boiled, ½ cup 0.16
Banana, medium 0.16
Spaghetti sauce, ½ cup 0.16
Cantaloupe, cubed, ½ cup 0.14
Carrots, raw, 1 medium 0.14
Peas, green, cooked, ½ cup 0.10
Potato chips, 1 ounce, about 22 chips 0.09
French fries, from frozen, deep fried, 10 fries 0.08
Coffee, 1 cup 0.07
Lettuce, chopped, loosely packed, 1 cup 0.06
Tomatoes, raw, chopped, ½ cup 0.06
Tuna, canned, water packed, 3 ounces 0.05
Milk, whole, 1 cup 0.04
Corn, cooked, ½ cup 0.04
Rice, white, cooked, ½ cup 0.03
Chicken breast, broiled, ½ breast 0.03
Tea, brewed, 1 cup 0.02
Onions, raw, chopped, 1 tablespoon 0.02
Ice cream, ½ cup 0.02
Bread, white, 1 slice 0.01

Dietary supplements
Boron is available in dietary supplements containing only boron and in supplements containing boron in combination with a few other nutrients, often other minerals. Common amounts of elemental boron in dietary supplements range from 0.15 to 6 mg [27].

In dietary supplements, boron is present in many different forms, including sodium borate, sodium tetraborate, boron amino acid chelate, boron ascorbate, boron aspartate, boron citrate, boron gluconate, boron glycinate, boron picolinate, and calcium fructoborate [6,27]. In a small human study, boron as sodium tetraborate significantly increased plasma boron levels within 4–6 hours of consumption [5], but no data are available on the relative bioavailability of different forms of supplemental boron.

The Supplement Facts label on a dietary supplement product declares the amount of elemental boron in the product, not the weight of the entire boron-containing compound.

Boron Intakes and Status

According to data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III; 1988-1994) and the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (1994–1996), median dietary boron intakes range from 0.87 to 1.35 mg/day in adults, 1.05 to 1.08 mg/day in pregnant women, and 0.75 to 0.96 mg/day in school-aged children [2]. Vegetarians tend to have higher intakes of boron than nonvegetarians because boron is plentiful in plant foods [15]. The median dietary boron intake in lactating women is 1.27 mg/day [2]. Boron intakes are about 0.55 mg/day among infants and about 0.54 mg/day among toddlers [6].

Total median boron intakes from dietary supplements and foods are about 1.0 to 1.5 mg/day for adults [2].

Boron Deficiency

In humans, boron deficiency signs and symptoms have not been firmly established. Limited data suggest that boron deficiency might affect brain function by reducing mental alertness and impairing executive brain function [1,8,28]. In addition, a low-boron diet (0.25 mg boron/2,000 kcal) might elevate urinary calcium and magnesium excretion and lower serum concentrations of estrogen in postmenopausal women [8,29]. Low boron intakes (0.23 mg boron/2,000 kcal) also appear to reduce plasma calcium and serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels and raise serum calcitonin and osteocalcin levels in men and women [8]; these changes could affect bone mineral density.

Boron and Health

This section focuses on three health areas in which boron might be involved: osteoarthritis, bone health, and cancer.

Osteoarthritis
Observational evidence combined with the findings from a few small clinical studies in humans suggests that boron might be helpful for reducing the symptoms of osteoarthritis, possibly by inhibiting inflammation [3,30-33].

In a small pilot study that compared 6 mg boron per day for 8 weeks with placebo, the supplements reduced symptoms of osteoarthritis in 20 participants younger than 75 years (mean age about 65 years) [33]. Another 8-week study in 20 patients with mild to moderate or severe osteoarthritis found that 6 mg/day boron as calcium fructoborate for mild to moderate osteoarthritis or 12 mg/day boron for severe disease reduced joint rigidity and the use of ibuprofen for pain and increased mobility and flexibility, [31]. However, this study was very small and not blinded or placebo-controlled.

A subsequent double-blind, placebo-controlled trial examined the effects of 1.5, 3, or 6 mg/day boron (as calcium fructoborate) for 2 weeks on inflammatory biomarkers (e.g., C-reactive protein and fibrinogen) in 60 participants with osteoarthritis aged 59–68 years [30]. Supplementation significantly reduced inflammatory markers. In another double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, supplementation with 6 mg/day boron (as calcium fructoborate) for 2 weeks significantly reduced knee discomfort in 60 adults (mean age 50 years) with self-reported knee discomfort [34].

These findings suggest that boron, particularly as calcium fructoborate, might hold promise for reducing osteoarthritis symptoms, but confirmation is needed from additional controlled trials.

Bone health
Boron might be important for bone growth and formation, possibly by affecting osteoblast and/or osteoclast activity or by influencing serum steroid hormone levels and calcium metabolism [4,6,11,32]. Animal studies indicate that boron deficiency causes abnormal limb development; delayed maturation of growth plates; and decreased bone strength, bone volume fraction, and trabecular thickness [6,35].

Comparisons of animals receiving boron supplementation with animals that consume usual or small amounts of boron show that the supplementation improves some measures of bone strength [36-38]. However, in an observational study in 134 Korean women (average age 41 years), boron intakes (mean of 0.9 mg/day) were not significantly correlated with bone mineral density in the lumbar spine or femoral regions [39].

In a placebo-controlled clinical trial of 17 female athletes (mean age 19.8 years) and 11 sedentary females (mean age 20.3 years), 3 mg/day boron supplementation for 10 months significantly reduced serum phosphorus levels and increased serum magnesium levels in sedentary females; such changes are often associated with increased bone mineral density [40]. However, supplementation in this study did not directly affect bone mineral density.

Additional research is needed to determine whether boron supplementation affects bone health in humans.

Cancer
Preliminary evidence suggests that dietary boron intake might affect cancer risk. Several observational studies found that boron intakes are inversely associated with prostate cancer risk in men and with lung and cervical cancer risk in women [1,9,41-44]. For example, in a case control study of 763 women with lung cancer and 838 healthy women, those in the lowest quartile of boron intake (less than 0.78 mg/day) had almost twice the risk of lung cancer of those in the highest quartile (more than 1.25 mg/day) [44]. An observational study in Turkey evaluated two criteria for prostate cancer risk, prostate size and prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels. Men with higher boron intakes (about 6 mg/day) had significantly smaller prostate glands than men who consumed less boron (0.64–0.88 mg/day) [45]. However, PSA levels did not differ significantly between the two groups.

No clinical trials have evaluated the effects of boron on cancer prevention or treatment. More research is needed to understand the effects, if any, of boron on cancer.

Health Risks from Excessive Boron

No data are available on adverse effects of high boron intakes from food or water [2].

Symptoms associated with accidental consumption of boric acid or borax (sodium borate), contained in some household cleaning products and pesticides, include nausea, gastrointestinal discomfort, vomiting, diarrhea, skin flushing, rash, excitation, convulsions, depression, and vascular collapse [2,6,46]. The amount of boron consumed in people who accidentally consumed boron ranged from 18 to 9,713 mg, and most were children younger than 6 years [46]. Boron toxicity can also cause headache, hypothermia, restlessness, weariness, renal injury, dermatitis, alopecia, anorexia, and indigestion. In infants, high boron intakes have caused anemia, seizures, erythema, and thin hair [9]. Extremely high doses of boron can be fatal; for example, 15,000 to 20,000 mg can cause death in adults [6,9].

The FNB established boron ULs for healthy individuals based on levels associated with reproductive and developmental effects in animals [2].

Table 2: Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs) for boron
Age Male Female Pregnancy Lactation
Birth to 6 months None established* None established*
7–12 months None established* None established*
1–3 years 3 mg 3 mg
4–8 years 6 mg 6 mg
9–13 years 11 mg 11 mg
14–18 years 17 mg 17 mg 17 mg 17 mg
19+ years 20 mg 20 mg 20 mg 20 mg

* Breast milk, formula, and food should be the only sources of boron for infants.

Interactions with Medications

Boron is not known to have any clinically relevant interactions with medications.

Boron and Healthful Diets

The federal government’s 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans notes that “Because foods provide an array of nutrients and other components that have benefits for health, nutritional needs should be met primarily through foods. … In some cases, fortified foods and dietary supplements are useful when it is not possible otherwise to meet needs for one or more nutrients (e.g., during specific life stages such as pregnancy).”

For more information about building a healthy dietary pattern, refer to the Dietary Guidelines for Americansexternal link disclaimer and the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s MyPlate.external link disclaimer

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans describes a healthy dietary pattern as one that:

  • Includes a variety of vegetables; fruits; grains (at least half whole grains); fat-free and low-fat milk, yogurt, and cheese; and oils.
    Many fruits are rich sources of boron. Potatoes, milk, and milk products also contain boron.
  • Includes a variety of protein foods such as lean meats; poultry; eggs; seafood; beans, peas, and lentils; nuts and seeds; and soy products.
    Peanuts and other legumes contain boron.
  • Limits foods and beverages higher in added sugars, saturated fat, and sodium.
  • Limits alcoholic beverages.
  • Stays within your daily calorie needs.

References

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  2. Institute of Medicine. Food and Nutrition Board. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2001.
  3. Nielsen FH. Update on human health effects of boron. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2014;28:383-7. [PubMed abstract]
  4. Nielsen FH. Manganese, Molybdenum, Boron, Chromium, and Other Trace Elements. In: John W. Erdman Jr. IAM, Steven H. Zeisel, ed. Present Knowledge in Nutrition. 10th ed: Wiley-Blackwell; 2012:586-607.
  5. Naghii MR, Mofid M, Asgari AR, Hedayati M, Daneshpour MS. Comparative effects of daily and weekly boron supplementation on plasma steroid hormones and proinflammatory cytokines. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2011;25:54-8. [PubMed abstract]
  6. Hunt C. Boron. In: Coates PM BJ, Blackman MR, Cragg GM, Levine M, Moss J, White JD, ed. Encyclopedia of Dietery Supplements. New York informat healthcare; 2010:82-9.
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  8. World Health Organization. Boronexternal link disclaimer. In: Trace elements in human nutrition and health. Geneva, 1996.
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  11. Hunt CD. Dietary boron: progress in establishing essential roles in human physiology. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2012;26:157-60. [PubMed abstract]
  12. Kobylewski SE, Henderson KA, Yamada KE, Eckhert CD. Activation of the EIF2alpha/ATF4 and ATF6 Pathways in DU-145 Cells by Boric Acid at the Concentration Reported in Men at the US Mean Boron Intake. Biol Trace Elem Res 2017;176:278-93. [PubMed abstract]
  13. Yamada KE, Eckhert CD. Boric Acid Activation of eIF2alpha and Nrf2 Is PERK Dependent: a Mechanism that Explains How Boron Prevents DNA Damage and Enhances Antioxidant Status. Biol Trace Elem Res 2019;188:2-10. [PubMed abstract]
  14. Hunter JM, Nemzer BV, Rangavajla N, Bita A, Rogoveanu OC, Neamtu J, et al. The Fructoborates: Part of a Family of Naturally Occurring Sugar-Borate Complexes-Biochemistry, Physiology, and Impact on Human Health: a Review. Biol Trace Elem Res 2019;188:11-25. [PubMed abstract]
  15. Rainey CJ, Nyquist LA, Christensen RE, Strong PL, Culver BD, Coughlin JR. Daily boron intake from the American diet. J Am Diet Assoc 1999;99:335-40. [PubMed abstract]
  16. Sutherland B, Strong P, King JC. Determining human dietary requirements for boron. Biol Trace Elem Res 1998;66:193-204. [PubMed abstract]
  17. Samman S, Naghii MR, Lyons Wall PM, Verus AP. The nutritional and metabolic effects of boron in humans and animals. Biol Trace Elem Res 1998;66:227-35. [PubMed abstract]
  18. Meacham SL, Hunt CD. Dietary boron intakes of selected populations in the United States. Biol Trace Elem Res 1998;66:65-78. [PubMed abstract]
  19. Hunt CD, Shuler TR, Mullen LM. Concentration of boron and other elements in human foods and personal-care products. J Am Diet Assoc 1991;91:558-68. [PubMed abstract]
  20. Hunt CD, Meacham SL. Aluminum, boron, calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and zinc: concentrations in common western foods and estimated daily intakes by infants; toddlers; and male and female adolescents, adults, and seniors in the United States. J Am Diet Assoc 2001;101:1058-60. [PubMed abstract]
  21. Tanaka M, Fujiwara T. Physiological roles and transport mechanisms of boron: perspectives from plants. Pflugers Arch 2008;456:671-7. [PubMed abstract]
  22. World Health Organization IPoCS. Boron.external link disclaimer In: Environmental Health Criteria 204. Geneva. 1998.
  23. Anderson RR. Comparison of trace elements in milk of four species. J Dairy Sci 1992;75:3050-5. [PubMed abstract]
  24. Murray FJ. A human health risk assessment of boron (boric acid and borax) in drinking water. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 1995;22:221-30. [PubMed abstract]
  25. U.S. Department of Agriculture and Agricultural Research Service. FoodData Central.external link disclaimer 2019.
  26. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Food Labeling: Revision of the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels.external link disclaimer 2016.
  27. National Institutes of Health. Dietary Supplement Label Database. 2019.
  28. Penland JG. Dietary boron, brain function, and cognitive performance. Environ Health Perspect 1994;102 Suppl 7:65-72. [PubMed abstract]
  29. Nielsen FH, Hunt CD, Mullen LM, Hunt JR. Effect of dietary boron on mineral, estrogen, and testosterone metabolism in postmenopausal women. Faseb j 1987;1:394-7. [PubMed abstract]
  30. Scorei R, Mitrut P, Petrisor I, Scorei I. A double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study to evaluate the effect of calcium fructoborate on systemic inflammation and dyslipidemia markers for middle-aged people with primary osteoarthritis. Biol Trace Elem Res 2011;144:253-63. [PubMed abstract]
  31. Miljkovic D, Scorei RI, Cimpoiasu VM, Scorei ID. Calcium Fructoborate: Plant-Based Dietary Boron for Human Nutrition. Journal of Dietary Supplements 2009;6:211-26. [PubMed abstract]
  32. Mogosanu GD, Bita A, Bejenaru LE, Bejenaru C, Croitoru O, Rau G, et al. Calcium Fructoborate for Bone and Cardiovascular Health. Biol Trace Elem Res 2016;172:277-81. [PubMed abstract]
  33. Newnham RE. Essentiality of boron for healthy bones and joints. Environ Health Perspect 1994;102 Suppl 7:83-5. [PubMed abstract]
  34. Pietrzkowski Z, Phelan MJ, Keller R, Shu C, Argumedo R, Reyes-Izquierdo T. Short-term efficacy of calcium fructoborate on subjects with knee discomfort: a comparative, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study. Clin Interv Aging 2014;9:895-9. [PubMed abstract]
  35. Nielsen FH, Stoecker BJ. Boron and fish oil have different beneficial effects on strength and trabecular microarchitecture of bone. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2009;23:195-203. [PubMed abstract]
  36. Armstrong TA, Spears JW, Crenshaw TD, Nielsen FH. Boron supplementation of a semipurified diet for weanling pigs improves feed efficiency and bone strength characteristics and alters plasma lipid metabolites. J Nutr 2000;130:2575-81. [PubMed abstract]
  37. Chapin RE, Ku WW, Kenney MA, McCoy H, Gladen B, Wine RN, et al. The effects of dietary boron on bone strength in rats. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1997;35:205-15. [PubMed abstract]
  38. Dessordi R, Spirlandeli AL, Zamarioli A, Volpon JB, Navarro AM. Boron supplementation improves bone health of non-obese diabetic mice. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2017;39:169-75. [PubMed abstract]
  39. Kim MH, Bae YJ, Lee YS, Choi MK. Estimation of boron intake and its relation with bone mineral density in free-living Korean female subjects. Biol Trace Elem Res 2008;125:213-22. [PubMed abstract]
  40. Meacham SL, Taper LJ, Volpe SL. Effects of boron supplementation on bone mineral density and dietary, blood, and urinary calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and boron in female athletes. Environ Health Perspect 1994;102 Suppl 7:79-82. [PubMed abstract]
  41. Korkmaz M, Uzgoren E, Bakirdere S, Aydin F, Ataman OY. Effects of dietary boron on cervical cytopathology and on micronucleus frequency in exfoliated buccal cells. Environ Toxicol 2007;22:17-25. [PubMed abstract]
  42. Scorei IR. Calcium fructoborate: plant-based dietary boron as potential medicine for cancer therapy. Front Biosci (Schol Ed) 2011;3:205-15. [PubMed abstract]
  43. Cui Y, Winton MI, Zhang ZF, Rainey C, Marshall J, De Kernion JB, et al. Dietary boron intake and prostate cancer risk. Oncol Rep 2004;11:887-92. [PubMed abstract]
  44. Mahabir S, Spitz MR, Barrera SL, Dong YQ, Eastham C, Forman MR. Dietary boron and hormone replacement therapy as risk factors for lung cancer in women. Am J Epidemiol 2008;167:1070-80. [PubMed abstract]
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  46. Litovitz TL, Klein-Schwartz W, Oderda GM, Schmitz BF. Clinical manifestations of toxicity in a series of 784 boric acid ingestions. Am J Emerg Med 1988;6:209-13. [PubMed abstract]

Disclaimer

This fact sheet by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) provides information that should not take the place of medical advice. We encourage you to talk to your healthcare providers (doctor, registered dietitian, pharmacist, etc.) about your interest in, questions about, or use of dietary supplements and what may be best for your overall health. Any mention in this publication of a specific product or service, or recommendation from an organization or professional society, does not represent an endorsement by ODS of that product, service, or expert advice.

Updated: March 29, 2021 History of changes to this fact sheet

Therapeutic Categories

Pharmaceutic aid

Antiseptic agent

Ophthalmic agent

Chemical Name: Disodium tetraborate decahydrate (Ph. Eur.)

Foreign Names: Borax (Latin), Borax (German), Borax (French), Boráx (Spanish)

Generic Names:

Sodium Borate (OS: JAN),

Borate de Soude (IS),

Borax médicinale (IS),

CCRIS 4946 (IS),

E 285 (IS: E Number),

Natrium Boricum (IS),

Purified Borax (IS),

Sodium Biborate (IS),

Sodium Pyroborate (IS),

Sodium Tetraborate (IS),

UNII-91MBZ8H3QO (IS),

Borax (PH: BP 2016, Ph. Eur. 8),

Sodium Borate (PH: JP XVI, NF 33),

Brand Names:

Aphtin

Coel, Poland; Farmina, Poland; Laboratorium Galenowe Olsztyn, Poland; Microfarm, Poland; Prolab, Poland

Aphtin Aflofarm

Aflofarm Farmacja, Poland

Boraks Ophtha

Ophtha, Denmark

Borax / Acide Borique Biogaran (Borax and Boric Acid)

Biogaran, France

Borax / Acide Borique Zentiva (Borax and Boric Acid)

Sanofi-Aventis, France

Dacryoserum (Borax and Boric Acid)

Johnson & Johnson, France; McNeil, Tunisia

Dacryum (Borax and Boric Acid)

Johnson & Johnson, France

Dacudoses (Borax and Boric Acid)

Laboratoires Thea, France

Dacurose (Borax and Boric Acid)

Unimed, Tunisia

Globulus

Vakos XT, Czech Republic

Glycerinum boraxatum FoNo VII. Naturland

Naturland, Hungary

Milrosina (Borax and Resorcinol)

Orravan, Spain

Natusan (Borax and Boric Acid)

Johnson & Johnson, Spain

Picrato de Butaban (Borax and Butamben)

Medifarma, Peru

Sodium Borate Daiwa

Daiwa Pharmaceutical, Japan

Sodium Borate Kaneda Naotaka

Kaneda Naotaka, Japan

Sodium Borate Kenei Sakai

Kenei Sakai Seiyaku, Japan

Sodium Borate Kozakai Seiyaku

Kozakai Seiyaku, Japan

Sodium Borate Mylan

Mylan Seiyaku, Japan

Sodium Borate Nikko Seiyaku

Nikko Seiyaku, Japan

Sodium Borate Shiseido Seiyaku

Shiseido Seiyaku, Japan

Sodium Borate Tatsumi Yakuhin

Tatsumi Yakuhin, Japan

Stéridose (Borax and Boric Acid)

Europhta, France; Europhta, Monaco












Pakovanje mL/ g:
 10 20 30 50 100 250 500 1000

Količina:
1 2 3 više 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

vrh